Summarize the four major pieces of legislation collectively known as the Antitrust laws Essay Example for Free

Summarize the four major pieces of legislation collectively known as the Antitrust laws Essay United States antitrust law is a collection of federal and state government laws, which regulates the conduct and organization of business corporations, generally to promote fair competition for the benefit of consumers. The four major pieces of legislation known as the Antitrust Laws include: The Sherman Act, The Clayton Antitrust Act, The Federal Trade Commission, and the Celler-Kefauver Act. The Sherman Act was created in 1890 had two major provisions which was to prohibit conspiracies to restrain trade and also to outlaw monopolization. In 1914 the Clayton Act was passed to expand off of the Sherman Act. The Clayton Act strengthened the Sherman Act in several ways: price discrimination, typing contracts, acquisition, and interlocking directorates. In 1914, the Federal Trade Commission Act (FTC) was created to enforce antitrust laws and the Clayton Act in particular. The FTC investigates unfair competitive practices and when appropriate issues cease-and desist orders. In 1950 the Celler-Kefauver Act was created to close the loophole the was left available from the Clayton Act’s Section 7. This clause was put in place to stop a firm from acquiring stocks in a competitive firm in order to merge. The Celler-Kefauver Act closed that loophole in order to prevent any firm from reducing the competition. (McConnell 375) B. Discuss the intended purpose of industrial regulation as it applies to the following market structures: An oligopoly is a market form in which a market or industry is dominated by a small number of sellers. An oligopoly has the ability to determine its own price and output. (McConnell 164) Industrial regulation is used to reduce the market power of monopolies. It’s also used to reduce the market power of oligopolies, prevent collusion and increase market competition. A pure monopoly is a market structure in which only one firm is the sole seller. The purpose of industrial regulation in regards to monopolies is clearly to protect the public from price gauging and companies controlling demand. Since monopolies have no competition they have complete control over pricing and production. (McConnell 195) C. Explain the major functions of the three primary federal and state regulatory commissions that govern industrial regulation. The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission or FERC (1930) is an independent agency that regulates the interstate transmission of natural gas, electricity, oil pipelines, and water-powered sites. FERC also reviews proposals to build liquefied natural gas (LNG) terminals and interstate natural gas pipelines as well as licensing hydro power projects. (2) The Federal Communication Commission or FCC (1934) regulates interstate and international communications by telephones, televisions, cable televisions, radios, telegraph, CB radios, and satellite in over 50 states. The FCC is directed by five commissioners who are appointed by the President of the United States and confirmed by the U. S Senate. (3) The State Public Utility Commissions is represented by NARUC which is responsible for utility services (electricity, gas telephones) in different states. (4) The reasoning behind the three is to control pricing so the public can benefit from the economies of scale that occur with monopolies and do so in a way that provides a fair return for those producers. Specifically, this intent is covered in the public interest theory of regulation which protects consumers from unfair pricing. D. Discuss the intended purpose of social regulation as it applies to all market structures. Social regulation deals with the broader impact of business on consumers, workers, environment and the third parties. Social regulation is concerned with the physical qualities of the goods produced, the conditions under which production occurs, and the impact of the production on society. Social regulation increases economic efficiency and societys well-being by: removing unsafe products, improving working conditions and safety, decreasing economic discrimination, and reducing pollution. One example is the Equal Opportunity Commission that enforces laws against workplace discrimination. Social Regulation intrudes into the day-to-day production process to a greater extent than industrial regulation. (McConnell 384) E. Explain the major functions of the five primary federal regulatory commissions that govern social regulation. Food and Drug Administration (1906) verifies safety and effectiveness of food, drugs, and cosmetics (1) Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (1964) exists to hire, promote, and discharge workers(1) Occupational Safety and Health Administration (1972) exists to ensure health and safety for workers(1) Environment Protection Agency (1972) exists to regulate noise pollution, air, and water-powered Consumer Product Safety Commission (1972) exists to protect the safety of consumer products(1)

Medical Uses Of Infrared Photography Cultural Studies Essay

Medical Uses Of Infrared Photography Cultural Studies Essay Tattoos have been an invaluable method for the identification of non skeletonised remains. The design and/or location of the tattoo can be substantially exclusive to provide adequate identification, and especially when combined with other distinguishing features they can definitively identify and individual. During an autopsy the pathologist will take note of tattoos just as they would any other distinguishing marks, such as birth marks, defects or scars. In cases such as mass disasters, it can sometimes be one of only few methods available for the initial examination of the remains. In 2001, Kingsholm et al studied several unidentified bodies and remains found in Danish waters, some of which had tattoos. Discovery and detailing of any tattoos can also aid in tracing unidentified bodies back to their cultural backgrounds, thus in some cases tattoos have important historical aspects. Tattoos can also indicate a history of incarceration (Mallon et al 1999) and in such cases the individual sporting this unique design may not wish to be easily identified. Repeat offenders for example, may choose to remove or alter their defining features and members of gangs or organised crime groups may wish to no longer be associated with that particular faction. Some tattoos may serve to connect one individual with another, such as love tattoos, which can also aid in identification of the individual sporting the design. Different light sources and filter techniques have been used routinely in criminal investigations; the following uses of infrared (IR) photography presented in this introduction are all relevant to this study as they go some length towards explaining the nature of infrared and therefore what might be expected, allowing for deduction of a hypothesis which is presented later in this report. Infrared describes the part of the spectrum just beyond the visible red wavelengths (700 1200 nm) There are many used of infrared photography spanning many different fields. For art photography purposes, Infrared can be used to photograph objects in the distance, or in foggy conditions due to the infrareds ability to penetrate the haze (Milsom 2001). For portrait photography, infrared is sometimes favoured to give the appearance of a clear complexion Infrareds (IR) ability to penetrate the superficial layers of the epidermis of skin is exploited in medical photography as a method of photographing venous patterns underneath the skin and of documenting healing under lesions in the skin. They found that imaging in the near-infrared range provided relatively good contrast of subcutaneous veins. This works due to the fact that haemoglobin is a chromophore that absorbs near infrared, and the skin absorbs very little IR relative to the absorption of infrared demonstrated by the veins (Haxthausen, 1933), or transmits or reflects most of the near infrared spectrum, therefore it appears lighter by contrast to the darkened veins. Zharov et al (2004) identified the potential of this technique as a diagnostic method for varicose veins at a depth of 1-3mm into the skin. The use of infrared photography for the detection of varicose veins or any other subcutaneous abnormalities is demonstrated by Marshall (1981). This research uses infrared reflectance (as well as ultraviolet) to measure the densities across pigmented lesions of the skin and found it to be a useful method. The study by Haxthausen (1933) found that for documenting superficial afflictions, such as psoriasis, ordinary photography was far superior to infrared photography, as under the infrared conditions, the imperfections were removed. Afflictions that occurred in the deeper layers of the skin were captured best using infrared photography. In cases of burn injury is can be difficult to assess the damage or the thermal burn depth. Anselmo et al (1976) found that infrared photography could be used as a valuable and non invasive method of assess burn depth. Their experiment used Wratten 89A infrared filter Infrared photography allowed for the differentiation between viable and necrotic dermis. Infrared photography of bloodstains and Gunshot residue Forensic applications of infrared photography include detecting gunshot residue on clothing (Bailey et al 2007) and less commonly, for detecting bloodstains on dark clothing or at crime scenes. A report by Raymond and Hall in 1986 illustrated a dark coloured sofa, showcased in the report as a black and white photograph for the visual spectrum comparison. In this photograph there is no obvious bloodstain, it cannot be distinguished from the rest of the sofa due to the dark colour of the sofa. The infrared photograph was taken using the Wratten #88a filter. In this photograph the sofa had lightened and now by comparison, the area of bloodstained sofa (now darkened by contrast) could easily be distinguished. When using infrared photography to detect and document traces of blood on dark clothing, the infrared will make the blood appear darker and the surrounding clothing appear lighter by contrast. This is all due to the absorbing capabilities of the clothing and of the blood. Blood absorbs throughout the visible spectrum and the near infrared spectrum (typically absorbing most wavelengths of near infrared 700-900nm) and so its appearance in infrared records will be darkened, in contrast the clothing might only absorb through the visible light range of the spectrum, and so in the infrared records will appear lighter, or transparent. Dark clothing can hinder the successful visualisation of blood spatter patterns in much the same way that darkened mummified skin can hinder the detection of tattoos, or that charring on a fire damaged document can affect the successful visualisation of the writing. A study by Perkins (2005) used digital infrared photography, Wratten #89B filter to photograph blood spatter on several different materials. The dark clothing appeared to reflect the infrared, thus enhancing the contrast between the clothing and the blood patterns. Bailey et al (2007) used digital infrared photography to better visualise gunshot residue on dark clothing. It is very similar in both methodology and results to the use of this technique in bloodstain analysis. The camera ISO was set at 200 and the filter used was the Wratten #87. The GSR, undetected under visible light conditions, appeared dark against a lightened cloth under IR. The use of infrared in analysis of obliterated writings and questioned documents Infrared photography also has many applications in the field of forensic science. It is a common method for detecting obliterated writing (Creer 1976) for detecting forged, or altered documents, such as cheques and to aid in the examination of writing obscured by charring on fire damaged documents (Bartha. 1973) McCaul et al (2007) discuss the problems facing forensic scientists when traditional photography techniques fall short at documenting certain evidence. In the examination of documents, IR can be used to detect forgeries or alterations, relying on the fact that the visually similar inks may reflect or absorb infrared at varying levels and wavelengths. Parallels can be drawn between the uses of infrared for examining obliterated writing and this study into examining original tattoos from underneath cover tattoos. The use of correction fluid or other inks to cover writing serves to render the underlying text illegible, in the same way that the cover tattoo serves to distort, hide or completely cover the original underlying tattoo. If infrared photography can allow for the underlying writing to be visualised, than it is entirely possible that underlying original tattoo could be recovered. The successful recovery of obliterated writings is dependent on the different inks used and their infrared absorbing capabilities. Some ink, when irradiated with infrared, will absorb it. This is due to the presence of different Chromophores in the different inks (Ellen, 2006) A chromophore is the chemical group of a molecule that is responsible for the molecules colour, and they absorb, reflect and transmit different wavelengths. Other examples include chlorophyll, melanin and amethyst. Infrared photography can also be used to examine/restore writing on charred documents (Bartha 1973). The success of the visualisation is dependent on the degree of charring. The charred paper is darkened due to partly converted resinous material before being completely degraded to elementary carbon. The carbon in the pen ink absorbs the infrared and so appears dark under IR, by contrast the charred paper looks lighter. The Video Spectral Comparator (VSC) is often used in the examination of obliterated writing (G M Mokrzycki 1999). The VSC uses Infrared radiant energy and filters to see through inks and other obliterations, and reveal obscured objects. The use of infrared photography is not an uncommon method for visualising and recording obliterated writing, S. Sugawara (2004) discusses the use of both near and middle infrared in deciphering obliterated writings by looking at writing made by 101 different pens. Erasures describe inks that have been made invisible by removal of the colour components of the inks. Sometimes when these components are removed, remnants are left behind. Sometimes whatever remains on, or just below, the surface can be detected using infrared. This is the same principle encountered in a paper by McKechnie et al (2008) in which infrared was used to detect remnants of ink left behind in the skin post-laser removal treatment. The findings of this research will be analysed in greater detail later on in this research paper. Other uses of infrared photography The uses of Infrared photography do not begin and end at medical and forensic uses however, for example, Bridgeman and Gibson (1963) used infrared to examine paintings. A paper by J R J Van Aperen De Boer (1969) successfully applies Infrared Reflectography to view the under-drawings of carbon pencil, with varying degrees of success of medieval paintings. Pencil lead (which is primarily graphite) absorbs throughout the infrared range of the spectrum, and the visible range. Because of this, under both near and far infrared conditions the graphite will remain as readily viewable as to the naked eye. Thus far this project has looked at both medical and forensic uses of infrared photography, many of which have in common the idea that infrared can be used to recover, or detect traces of one material (for example; ink) from underneath another material (such as correction fluid). These underlying or otherwise camouflaged materials are not readily viewable with the naked eye, or easily recorded using ordinary photographic methods. This is the same principle as is to be employed in this research. The detection of latent residue tattoo ink pigments The use of infrared photography to record tattoos is by no means a recent phenomenon. As long ago as 1938 JÃ ¶rg used infrared photography to detect tattoos that were otherwise undetectable with the naked eye. Although infrared photography has been utilized to study tattoos, there is not a great deal of literature available on the topic. Below some specific examples are given. The following are 2 examples found provide useful validation of infrared penetrating capabilities coupled with its specific use for detecting tattoo designs that have been affected by environmental conditions, or purposefully made difficult to visualise: Mckechnie et al use infrared photography to attempt to visualise latent tattoo ink residue from laser removed tattoos. This research article only used 2 participants, and with a success rate of 50% and so a follow up experiment would be required using a larger sample size to validate the findings. Both participants had their tattoos removed by laser treatment to the extent that they were no longer visible to the naked human eye. One of the participants tattoos was professionally done; the other was an amateur tattoo. Although the authors explain the difference between amateur and professional tattoos as a possible factor (that is that professional tattoos use more ink and are injected deeper into the dermis than amateur tattoos) and cross reference it with infrareds ability to penetrate the skin, they do not expand on the colour or pigment as being factors resulting in the success or failure of the trial. Visualising tattoos on mummified remains using infrared photography One of the original journal articles of interest that could be said to have initiated the thought behind this project idea, or at the very least inspire a belief of the success of the project, uses infrared Reflectography to examine tattoos on mummified remains, the mummified tissue normally being darkened to the extent that visualisation under normal photography conditions is near impossible (Alvrus et al 2001) It showcases the usefulness of infrared for lightening certain aspects of a subject in order to see others. In this case, the darkened mummified tissue made it difficult to visualise the tattoo under normal photographic conditions (visible light). Under Infrared conditions however, the contrast between the tattoo and the surrounding skin was enhanced; the darkened mummified skin appeared lighter, and by contrast the tattoo (which appeared darker) was readily visible. This is due to the differing absorption/reflection of infrared. The substances in the tattoo absorb the majori ty of the infrared; the surrounding skin reflects the infrared. A similar technique is used in the identification of tattooing on a 1600 year old mummified body found in Alaska (Smith and Zimmerman 1975) Tattooing was identified on the hands and forearms of the Eskimo female remains using infrared photography. The darkened skin obscured the tattoos to the extent that they could not be viewed under visible light spectral range photography. Skin thickness as a factor One of the other variables accounted for in this project is the area on the body of that tattoo, the thought behind this being that the thickness of the skin might come into play. According to E J Wood (1985) the thickness of the epidermis ranges from 0.06 0.1mm (from eyelids, to back and callused areas, respectively). The dermis ranges from 2 4mm thick, and accounts for the bulk of the skin. Although any differences in skin depth tend to be minute, they may still account for variable success rates due to the migrating nature of tattoo ink through the dermis and the penetrating capabilities of infrared. A skilled tattooist will not allow the needle to penetrate the skin no deeper than 2mm, the reasons for which are discussed below in The tattoo process. The ink must be deposited deeper than the epidermis, or else the ink will fade as the outer layers of the skin shed, therefore the thickness of the epidermis will affect how deep the ink must be deposited. It is also assumed that th e thickness of the dermis will correlate with the thickness of the epidermis. This is why this research paper has chosen to look at the area on the body of the tattoo as a possible factor. The tattoo process The process of tattooing involves injecting pigment, suspended in a carrier, through the epidermis and into the dermis of the skin, no more than 2mm or else the tattooist risk the ink bleeding, creating a smudged effect, regardless of the tattoo technique employed (the settings of the modern tattoo machine do not allow for the needle to penetrate any deeper than 2mm). There is no exact science as to the pressure exerted on the needle by the individual tattooist, as it is a matter of personal judgement (direct quotation from Mark tattooist from Dannys tattoo Studio in Sneinton, Nottingham) depending on the area of the body on which the tattoo is being performed. Tattooing on an individuals back or upper arm will require greater pressure because the skin is much thicker, the setting of the tattoo machine will also have to be altered for deeper penetration through the epidermis and into the dermis. Once injected into the upper layer of the dermis, the pigment is suspended in the fibroblasts (Sperry 1991). When looking at a tattoo, the tattoo is being viewed through the epidermis. Over time the deposited tattoo ink will disperse deeper into the dermis, and so it is possible that time, both between original and cover, and time since cover, could be a feature in the investigation. Tattoo Ink pigments More often than not, the tattooist will use a tattoo ink containing pigments which will be manufactured outside of the tattooists own premises, the exact content and purity of which is in most cases, unknown. There are certain guidelines in place for manufacturers of tattoo inks to abide by when producing the inks, however manufacturers of tattoo ink are not forced by law to disclose the ingredients used in the inks. A study by Timko et al (2001) found that, of 30 inks studied, the most commonly identified elements were aluminium, oxygen, titanium and carbon at 87, 73, and 67 percent respectively. Professional tattoo artists have access to over 100 different colours (Kirby et al 2005), many of these are mixtures of colours, for example red and white to make pink, thus making it difficult to classify pigment-wise. The research by Kirby et al (2005) found significant variability in pigment cluster sizes in professional tattoos, compared to amateur tattoos. They also found colour pigment granules to be larger than black pigment granules. This was initially an area of interest, but not one that this research paper will focus on due to the difficulty encountered in obtaining the relevant information. This study uses infrared photography in an attempt to visualise an original tattoo from underneath a cover tattoo, the success of which could be due to a number of different factors. A summary of these factors are as follows: To look at the colours used in both the original tattoo and the cover tattoo and how this affects the successful visualization of the original tattoo using infrared. To look for any correlation linking time since cover tattoo (up to date of photograph) and success of the experiment. This essentially will be looking at the effects of the migration of tattoo ink. To look at any trends involving time elapsed between original tattoo and cover tattoo, and the success of the infrared photographs obtained. As above, this will be examining the effects of ink particle migration. To look at the area on the body of the tattoo and discover if there is a relationship between this and the success of a particular photograph. Essentially, this is investigation skin density as a factor. Taking into account all the research discussed previously and the results obtained by the various studies in the field of infrared photography a few hypotheses have been deduced: The first is that the penetrative nature of infrared suggests it is possible to recover the underlying pigment of the original tattoo from beneath the cover tattoo. The reasons behind this are thought at this stage to be due to the colours present, or perhaps even the concentration of black used in the colour mixtures. The way in which an object appears when photographed using infrared is a direct consequence of their absorbing capabilities. For the purposes of this particular study inspiration was drawn for the research into questioned documents, or more specifically the detection of different inks using infrared. Most inks have different absorbing capabilities, some will only absorb through the visible light spectrum, and some throughout the visible light and into the infrared range. The reason behind this, as mentioned earlier, is due to the chromophores in the dye molecules. In the same way that infrared might be used to detect the underwritings of obliterated text, IR could be used to detect the underlying tattoo pigment, depending on the chromophores, or colours used. The second hypothesis is that any variation in the depth/thickness of the skin will be such a minute difference that it is unlikely to affect the overall success of the project. The factors of time (time between original and cover, and time since cover) are likely to have minimal effect, if any, on the successful visual recovery of the underlying tattoo. It is thought that any trends are more likely to be observed in the extreme time periods, for example, between tattoos that are under a year old and tattoos that are over 30 years old. This is because the most recently done tattoos will not have been affected by migration, whereas very aged tattoos will have undergone decades of migration of the ink particles. Method and materials A sample number of 33 (n33) individuals were used in this research, all of whom volunteered their time and consented for the presentation of their tattoos anonymously in this research paper. All that was required of potential participants was that they had a cover tattoo, there was no other criteria selected for, for example age or gender. The participants were then required to fill out a consent form, as no photographs could be taken without. The participants were asked to fill out a short questionnaire to aid in investigation of the various factors discussed in the introduction, an example of which can be found in the appendix. This project utilizes the near infrared part of the spectrum (the far infrared part of the spectrum is commonly used for thermal imaging). The infrared filters allow infrared light to pass through the camera and blocks most of the visible light spectrum. The Fujifilm IS pro digital SLR camera is sensitive to both ultraviolet and infrared light between 380nm and 1000nm. Optimum settings for the camera were assessed during several pre-experiments. Manual setting, ISO 200 and aperture f/6.3, which provided adequate depth of field for the infrared photographs Filters 87 and 88a were used, which are described as deep infrared filters; allow no visible light to pass through. The Wratten 87 filter has a sharp cut-off at ~800nm, and so transmits freely throughout the infrared region. The 88A has a slightly narrower window with an effective cut-off at ~750nm. The control photographs were taken using a UV/IR barrier filter. All photographs are taken at a 90Â ° angle from the subject (as close to as possible without actually measuring the exact angle) this was to eliminate any false positives due to raised tattoos (which can happen in hot conditions). A colour scale, a grey scale and a sizing scale are held in place around the tattoo. The first photo taken is the control photograph, using the IR-UV cut lens. This allows visible light to be captured and so essentially, is just a normal (visible light) flash photography picture. The second photograph removes the UV-IR cut lens, replacing it with an IR filter. The first used is the Wratten 87, as many photographs as necessary are then taken using this filter. The third set of photographs is taken with the 88a IR filter. The Metz 45CL4 electronic flash gun was the light meter of choice, the setting of which differs between photos depending on the light source available at the location. A number of photographs were taken of each tattoo; one control photograph, and 2 photographs using each filter. The first infrared photograph was to capture the entire tattoo, including the scales. A second photograph was taken if deemed necessary, which was a close up shot, focussing on any areas of interest highlighted in the first infrared photograph in order to capture better detail. Once all of the photograph records were obtained they were categorized into successful and unsuccessful. Of the successful results, due to the varying degrees of success encountered from record to record, it was felt necessary to categorize further still with the introduction of a grading system. The grading system is as follows: 0 None of the original tattoo could be visualised 1 Partial original tattoo visualisation 2 Most of original tattoo can be seen 3 All of the original tattoo can be seen from underneath the cover tattoo. Please note that some of the images presented in this report have only undergone basic alterations post production. The changes made to the infrared images were limited to minor brightness and contrast changes to accentuate any detail in the pictures that may have been lost when the images were resized and in order to retain detail in the printed hard copy. These changes are as follows: Brightness was altered to a maximum of around -10% for the infrared images on Microsoft Office Word 2007. Contrast was altered to a maximum of +30% on Microsoft Office Word 2007. These values are approximate, and dependant on the detail captured in the original, unaltered photographs. The images were not altered in any other way The underlying tattoo can be somewhat visualised under visible light photography conditions however visualisation of the original tattoo is accentuated using the Infrared as it removes the camouflage or interference provided by purple shading of the cover tattoo. This is a grade 2 example. This was graded as 2 because a substantial amount of the original tattoo can be recovered. In this case, the tattoo, under visible light conditions, is not an obvious cover tattoo as no detail of the underlying tattoo can be detected due to the use of shading and the faded nature of the original tattoo. With the shading of the cover tattoo removed using the IR filters the detail in the original tattoo can be visualised. The black shading of the cover tattoo on the eagles head and wings is not visually removed by the infrared, and so part of the cover tattoo is still camouflaged. Note The dark green and blue of the original tattoo appear darker in the infrared than the other colours of the cover tattoo. The purple in the background has completely disappeared in the infrared photograph. This is a particularly interesting record as it demonstrates the absorbing capabilities of black ink. Although some of the original design can been seen in the control photograph it is somewhat polluted by the dark colours of the cover tattoo. The blue and particularly by the purple of the cover design are visually removed in the infrared photograph, highlighting the contrast and allowing for better determination of the actual design. It would be expected that if there were a trend amongst these results that as the time since the cover tattoo increases, so would either the success or failure rate. At the same time, the remaining (factor either success or failure) would decrease as the other increases to show that there is a clear correlation. This does not occur, and so suggests that there is no link between time since the cover tattoo, and the overall success rate. Also there does not appear to be any detectable trend in the observed graph patterns between fig. 9 and fig.10 A summary table of records, including information on colours used, the grade allocated to each record, and a brief description of what can be seen with each record, is available in the appendices (Appendix 4) the findings of which are discussed in the discussion section of this research paper It should be noted that this graph only presents the number of cover tattoos with black ink in the design and does not take into account whether or not the black ink is directly responsible for the obscuring of the original tattoo design. It does, however, present a slight trend, which is to be expected. In cases where the cover tattoo is colourful, the Wratten 87 filter appeared to be the filter of choice as it removed all colour of the cover design to reveal the underlying original tattoo. In cases where the cover tattoo consisted of cut black or grey shading, the Wratten 88a appeared to be the ideal filter to better accentuate the original design from the cover tattoo design traffic. Of the unsuccessful examples: The following results are characterised according to the observed reason why the original tattoo could not be visualised. Please note that in 100% of the unsuccessful records the cover tattoo design contained black ink, however in some cases it is not deemed to be the reason for unsuccessful visualisation (In some cases for example, the black of the cover does not cover the original design) Discussion This research has proved definitively that infrared photography can be employed to detect an original tattoo design from underneath a cover tattoo. Of the several factors investigated in this paper that were thought to affect the success of the recovery of the original tattoo using the IR filters, the only factor with any real merit were the colours used in the original and cover tattoos. The time since the cover tattoo was investigated due to the behaviour of the ink once deposited in the skin. As explained in the tattoo process section, once the ink is deposited, over time some of the particles will disperse throughout the dermis. It was thought that the effect of this, if any, would be to hinder any successful recovery of the underlying tattoo. No obvious correlation was discovered between the time since the cover tattoo and the successful recovery of the original tattoo from underneath the cover tattoo. Time between original tattoo and cover tattoo also yielded no apparent association to the success rate. The graphs and a brief description of the findings can be seen in the results section of this paper (fig. 18 and Fig. 19) When looking at the area on the body as a factor (essentially that is looking at the depth or thickness of the skin) it seemed necessary to take two examples from areas of differing skin thickness and compare the success rates from each. The skin thickness of the wrist will be significantly less than the thickness of the skin on the back, which along with the soles of the hands and feet, is one of the areas on the body of the largest skin density. Of the results for the wrist tattoo, 50% were successful. This was the same as with the results from the examples photographed on the back (Fig.17) suggests that the area on the body of the tattoo had little or no bearing on the results. As predicted it is the colours used in both the original underlying tattoo, and the cover tattoo, that has the most bearing on the successful visualisation of the original tattoo. Visualisation of the underlying tattoo was most striking and effective with the examples with purple, red, light blue and white cover tattoos this is likely to be due to the different chromophores (the functional group of the pigment molecule that gives it its colour) in the different colours used, as they will absorb or reflect the infrared wavelengths at varying levels. Red and purple cover designs yielded the best results because these colours were completely visually removed by the infrared filters, leaving only the underlying original tattoo visible. Referring to Fig.1 and 2 of record 26, the purple of the cover design is completely visually removed under the infrared photographic conditions, allowing the black outline of the original underlying tattoo to be completely visualised. Records 22, 26 and 26b are perhaps the best examples, each receiving grade 3 in the grading system for complete visualisation of the original tattoos. The original designs can be easily distinguished as there is no interference from any fragm

Barriers to McDonalds Growth

Barriers to McDonalds Growth Be the best employer for our people in each community around the world. Deliver operational excellence to our customers in each of our restaurants and achieve enduring profitable growth by expanding the brand and leveraging the strengths of the McDonalds system through innovation and technology. Try to fulfill our customer, automatically our profit will improve. Our customers favorite place and way to eat with inspired people who delight each customer with unmatched quality, service, cleanliness and value every time. Objective of McDonalds Most people can find a McDonalds in any metropolitan city anywhere in the world. McDonalds global success can be attributed to company objectives. When consumers are aware of McDonalds objectives, they better understood the value of such a large, global franchise in helping people find employment and in offering a cheap, sustainable product to their consumers. Future goals of McDonalds In the next few years, McDonald aim to advance their balanced, active lifestyle efforts by, continuing to develop new menu offerings that provide their customer with range of choices that correspond to their needs and preferences and fit into a balanced diet, develop more happy meal choices, including new entrà ©e offerings and non-carbonated beverages without added sugar and sticking to their timetable for phasing in their new nutrition information initiative for core packaging items, continuing to assess, listen, learn and evolve their policies and marketing and communication practices so that they can continue their special regard for young people . The first original McDonalds opened up in 1940, a restaurant created by Richard and Maurice McDonald, in San Bernardino, California. The first franchised McDonalds was opened up on April 15, 1955, by Ray Kroc, in Des Plaines, Illinois, the 9th McDonalds overall. Miami entrepreneurs James McLamore and David Edgerton founded Burger King Corporation in 1954. The Challenge With more than 30,000 restaurants in 118 countries -many of them serving menu items that appeal to local tastes and cultural preferences we face a major challenge in gathering, organizing and communicating the nutrition values of foods and beverages servedaround the world every day. We are therefore developing a new global database to maintain detailed information about our offerings. When it comes to the pitfalls of operating a fast-food chain, Burger King (BKC) has experienced them all: falling profits and sales, angry franchise owners, mediocre innovation, growing competition. What happened McDonald had to face with high employee turn over. Some people say McDonalds are entitled to sell junk food in exactly the same way that chocolate or cream cake manufacturers do: if people want to buy it thats their decision. Nutritionists, for example, argue that the type of high fat, low fiber diet promoted by McDonalds is linked to serious diseases such as cancer, heart disease, obesity and diabetes. several parties, including the government have argued that Burger King has contributed to obesity and unhealthy eating behaviors in Western nations by producing products that contain large amounts of salt, fat, trans-fat and calories. Over come Editorial focuses on a series of endeavors launched by McDonalds Corp. designed to reshape the chain into a more contemporary and versatile competitor. Views on the initiatives; Criticisms on the changes; Design of the chains kitchen systems. Burger King has done none of that and is facing a difficult reality in this new world. As consumers demand higher standards, Burger King is going to have to invest billions of dollars in capital over a period of years to get its brand perception to where it needs to be. Task 2 Employee.Mcdonald only hire employees with a good sets of personal skills. Personal skills like Communicate intelligently, Communicate intelligently, Deal with confrontation, Team work,Know when to speak up and many more. McDonald target the employee first, in order to have good sale. McDonald need to analysis the internal employee in order to have good performance. They are two types of employee which are skill employee and unskilled employee. Skill employee has good sets of personal skill whereas unskilled employee needs training from senior employee that works in McDonald. Stakeholder .McDonalds also plans to include in it contributions from a number of campaigning groups and organizations to highlight what it calls some of McDonalds more surprising connections from The Marine Stewardship Council to animal welfare charity Compassion in World Farming. Competitors. The worlds biggest fast-food chain is battling more than the bleak global economy that is curbing appetites for purchases of its hamburgers, salads and smoothies. Restaurant chains like Burger King Worldwide Inc (BKW.N) and Yum Brand Incs (YUM.N) Taco Bell now are challenging McDonalds in the United States with revamped menus, celebrity endorsers and a renewed focus on low-priced food. Burger king competitors with McDonald because it has to do with how they prepare their hamburgers. McDonalds fries their hamburgers while Burger King Flame broils their hamburgers. In one sense, McDonalds doesnt have any real competitors, as they are the largest restaurant chain worldwide. But some of the other restaurant chains large enough to cut into its market share include Burger King Corporation, Subway, Starbucks, Wendys/Arbys Group, and YUM Foods(owners of Taco Bell, Pizza Hut, KFC, Long John Silvers, and AW, among others). Supplier. McDonalds supply chain is unique. Our supply chain model is based on a culture of partnership and collaboration which makes it possible for us to serve consistently safe and high quality food. It is important to us that our suppliers operate sustainable and profitable businesses and benefit from their partnership with McDonalds Australia. It is equally important to us that we source our products in a responsible and ethical manner that contributes to the development of sustainable agriculture and food manufacturing processes. McDonalds Canada works closely with more than 100 leading Canadian suppliers, striving to source quality products and supplies. Together, suppliers, the company and franchisees create new products, help reduce costs and ensure our customers get the same great McDonalds taste in every community across Canada. McDonald invests in Canadas agricultural sector by sourcing quality food products domestically, including the annual purchase of more than $760 mi llion in food and materials from more than 100 suppliers in Canada. McDonald shop where our customers shop our basket is just a bit bigger! McDonalds buys and serves the same wholesome foods our customers use at home, supplied by brand name companies Canadians know and trust. McDonalds suppliers include leading Canadian companies such as Coca-Cola, DANONE, Heinz, McCain, Minute Maid, Mother Parkers, Nestle, Renà ©es, Quaker and Saputo. Customers. Internal Analysis once of the major problems faced by McDonalds and can clearly be seen in Internal Analysis McDonalds Value Chain, is the lack of recruiters and led to a dramatic falloff in the skills of it employees. As we can see on Competitive Advantage Building Blocks, McDonalds is very efficient. An organization is the analysis of strengths and weaknesses, which focus on internal factors that give an organization certain advantages and disadvantages in meeting the needs of its target market. Strengths of McDonalds are successful Advertisement (Im loving it), Great Partnership (Coca Cola), Clean Environment and playgrounds for Kids, Professional Training for employees (Hamburger). External Analysis there is two conditions that are most significant in McDonalds external environment that are: The new trend in which customers are changing fast -food restaurants to healthier ones. The arising competition to achieve growth in this industry. The fast-food industry is very complex and saturated. The key success factors in show that in order to be able to compete there is a need for research and developments, achieve differentiation with your competition, create quality with your products, and be price competitive. Large capital is needed to be able to develop new products in order to differentiate among competitors. The creation of quality is very important because the switching costs majorly in this industry are very low. This explanation is supported in Five forces of competition. Although the environment is very competitive it is very difficult to enter because of the need of capital, the regulation faced by the government, and especially because of the customers loyalty towards other restaurants. Distributors. Radhakrishna Foodland (P) Ltd. [Foodland] is a part of the Radhakrishna Group, which is engaged in food and related service businesses. Also one of the distributor for McDonald. From July 1993, much before McDonalds started its operations in India; sincere efforts were made by Foodland to carefully understand McDonalds operations and requirements for the Indian market. Better facilities and infrastructures were created and new systems were adopted to satisfy McDonalds demands. Finally, all those efforts put in by Foodland culminated into a handshake agreement with McDonalds India, to serve as Distribution Centres for their restaurants in Mumbai. The division has focused all its resources to meet McDonalds expectation of Cold, Clean and On-time Delivery. This in turn, evolved their mission statement, To ensure that all McDonalds restaurants are supplied without interruption, products conforming to acceptable standards at lowest local costs to the system. The Distribution Centre (DC) is responsible for procurement, quality inspection programmed, storage, inventory management, deliveries to the restaurants, data collection, recording and reporting. Value added services like repacking of promotional items are also carried out at the DC. The DC plays a very vital role in maintaining the integrity of the products throughout the entire cold chain the distribution system that ensures the products, which arrive at McDonalds restaurants from suppliers all over India, are absolutely fresh and as per McDonalds Quality Standards. All these operations need to be managed in the most cost- effective manner. The operations and accountings a re totally transparent and are subject to regular audit. Marketing strategies of McDonalds are demographic segmentation, psychographic segmentation and behavioral segmentation. Demographic Segmentation is McDonalds offers different products like Happy Meal which includes a free toy for kids. For families it has made different outlets and meals which are suitable for takeaways and drive-thru. McDonalds has made its environment which is suitable for students of school to hang out with their friends and can get their lunch at McDonalds. Psychographic segmentation is McDonalds has adopted itself according to the convenience and lifestyle of the consumers. Malaysians has different culture people so McDonalds came up with a different and new product line which includes items like McChicken, double beef chicken and etc. They also made McDonalds as a place to relax and even for entertainment. Behavioral segmentation is McDonalds offers occasions like certain familys select McDonalds on various occasion like birthday party, treat to their children, wedding anniversary and etc. Targeting, from the market segments discovered, the most profitable target market segment seems to be the working adults market. The working community segment is considered the largest group of consumer of McDonald compared to children and youth. There are more sensitive to trends and lifestyles in todays culture and in almost everywhere. In addition, working adults has their own income thus able to make their own choice without too much constrain. Hence they have the tendency to determine their eating habits. Also, the McDonald provides fast services thus suit those working adults who are also always on a go and fast moving especially those in the capital cities. Positioning, in order to position itself successfully, McDonalds need to establish criteria that may allow it to differentiate itself from other competitors (Schiffman, et.al, 2008). In the fast food industry, McDonalds has positioned itself as the market leader in the sense of pricing and services. Its 24 hour services in almost all of the outlet nationwide makes them a place to look for food even it is in the middle of a night. However, it is hard for McDonalds to position itself far away from the competitors as others are also following the trend. There have 4 market mixes in McDonalds: Product: McDonalds takes into account cultural factors in serving the Malaysian consumers. The food serve is halal and servers local taste as well. They have wide range choice of menu similar with burger king. Seasonally they serve the prosperity burger for Chinese New Year. McDonalds also serves healthy food but this will effect on the taste and consumers eating experience. Product is the physical product or services offered by the company to its customers. McDonalds include certain aspects of its product such as packaging, desirability, looks etc. Price: McDonalds have more price reduction compared to KFC and Burger King. They offer a very competitive food prices. They have the Value Mc Savers and the Mc Value Meal. KFC do have their value meal called Jom Jimat Everyday and Burger King but in term of their price, McDonald offers the best price for fast Food. However, McDonalds, they offered only during certain period of time there-for rise the question of its availability. McDonald s has certain value pricing and bundling strategies such as happy meal, combo meal, family meal, happy price menu etc to increase overall sales of the product. Place: They are built or open in retail areas like shopping malls due to a trend of all Malaysian who loves to shop in malls. They also open in some rural areas however KFC has more restaurants in the rural area. In some strategic places, McDonalds also opens in several local gas stations such as PETRONAS Mesra. They open an express cafà © that serve some popular products. There are also games for children the one example is Children play games till the time there parents spend quality time in McDonalds. Promotion: McDonalds television advertisement is place on a seasonal basis which they only advertise during festive seasons and movie. Normally, their ads attract children rather than adult consumers. McDonalds in Malaysia primarily focus of it marketing campaign by sending flyers to houses and attach coupon in newspapers. McDonalds also advertise their product using billboard. They place their latest advertisement on McDonalds Mc Value Meal at major roads that indeed attract attention. Task 3 There are a few factors that affect this non-organizational based on microenvironment. Among the factors are Political, environmental, economic, technological, social-culture and legistration. Below is the explanation of each factors. Political factors The international operations of McDonalds are extreme under influence of a policy of the separate state put into practice by each government. For example, there are certain groups in Europe and the United States which demand the acts of governmental power concerning medical values of meal of fast food. They have specified that harmful elements as cholesterol and negative influences as fatness are concerning consumption of products of fast food. On the other hand, the company operates the separate policy and instructions of operations. The certain markets concentrate on various areas of anxiety, such as various area of health, protection of the worker, and environment. All these elements are noticed in the state control of licensing of restaurants in the corresponding states. Economic factors The organizations in the fast food industry arent excused from any disputes and problems. Definitely, they really have the separate problems involving business factors. Branches and privileges of networks of the enterprises of fast service as McDonalds has a tendency to experience difficulty in cases where the economy of the corresponding states is amazed by inflation and changes in exchange rates. Clients hence face a survey stalemate through their separate budgets, whether they should spend more on these foreign networks of the enterprises of fast food. Hence, to these chains, possibly, it is necessary to take out problems of effects of economic environment. Especially, their problem depends on the answer of consumers to these main principles and how it could influence their general sales. In an estimation of operations of the company, food chains as McDonalds tend to import the biggest part of the raw materials to certain territory if there is a delivery lack. Exchange rate fluctu ations will also play an essential role in companys operations. Socio-Cultural factors Articles about the international strategy of McDonalds, apparently, function on several areas to guarantee profitable returns for the organization. To illustrate, the organization changes to the best an establishment of positive thinking from their basic consumers. McDonalds indulges a special variety of consumers with certain types of persons. Also it has been noticed that the company has given the markets, such as the United Kingdom, a choice concerning their lunch requirements. Specified that McDonalds beginnings considerably valued set of meal which offers a reliable degree of quality for the corresponding market where it works. In addition, those who are elderly only below a bracket of thirty five as said are the most frequent consumers of McDonalds privileges. Many-sided character of business is reflected now in sharp value of the information about the existing market. This procedure is essentially identified in area as market research. Information concerning the reference and potential areas of the market would double as a barrier to success of the company if this area of operations neglected. In case of McDonalds they establish good system in determining of requirements of the market. The company uses concept of consumer individuality of a product of behaviour and decisions on purchase to its advantage. Technological factors McDonalds makes a demand for their organizations own products. The key tool of the company for marketing is by means of TV advertisings. There are some requirements that McDonalds is inclined to interest the younger population more. Existence of game stains also toys in the meal offered by the company shows this validity. Other demonstration of such marketing strategy is obvious in advertising they use. They use recovered descriptions of the characters as Grimace and Hamburglar. Other advertising operations employ popular celebrities to promote their products. Similar became endorsees for McDonalds all over the world loving it campaign. Besides, operations of McDonalds have considerably been infused with new technology. Elements as the system of stock and management of the value chain of companys creation consider easy payments for the suppliers and other sellers with which the person supplies in the corresponding agreement on the markets. Technology integration into operations of Mc Donalds tends to increase cost of their products. Basically it is shown in improvements on its chain of creation of value Legal factors/ Legistration There was a current roar against the fast food industry. It has forced McDonalds to apply more close examination on their corporate social responsibility. As a whole it has addressed to requirement of the company to generate its corporate reputation to more positive and the more socially responsible company. The reputation of McDonalds is obviously a huge question. Noticed on companys web site, seems, that they have got steps to take in hand the key social condemnation that they abused them in the last decades. The company gave to their clients the corresponding data in which they need the relation of food essence of their products. It is connected with socio-cultural market signs which they influence. For example, operations in predominantly Muslim countries demand, that their meat corresponded to Halal requirements of the law. In the same regard, those that operate in countries in the European Union should correspond to the existing laws forbidding usage of genetically modified mea t products in their meal. Other legal concepts as tax obligations, employment standards, and requirements to a degree of quality are only a few of important elements on which the company should consider. Otherwise, smooth operations should be difficult to reach. Environmental factor Social responsibility of McDonalds on the state influences to company operations. They involve charges of harm to environment. Among the reasons why they are accused of such requirements, is that the work of substances is not decomposed by microorganisms for their drinks glasses and treasury of expanded polystyrene for meal. Some civil groups in Hong Kong have made actions to make McDonalds privileges in Hong Kong aware of the rather copious use of containers of expanded polystyrene and resulting abusing by environment. Further, has specified that in 1995, McDonalds Hong Kong ran through the expanded polystyrene used by both Australia and the incorporated United States. Task 4 and Task 5 Agriculture -potatoes In 2007, with the share of 19,3%, the EU-27 was the second largest producer of potatoes in the World (China occupying the first place). Despite the relative and absolute decline in production observed over the recent years, which was mainly due to structural transformations of the potato sector in the new member states, potatoes for human consumption belong to the most competitive segments of EU agriculture. The sector shows also a competitive edge in international markets, especially in the sub-sectors of seed potatoes and processed products. Potatoes for human consumption are not covered by the Single Common Market Organization, except for the standard rules on state aids. Since 2008 all the potato areas in the EU can be potentially eligible to receive direct payments. Moreover, potato operators may benefit from the CAP promotion and quality schemes. Business Competitors The competition authorities inform each other of proposed decisions and take on board comments from the other competition authorities. In this way, the ECN allows the competition authorities to pool their experience and identify best practices. It should ensure an efficient division of work and an effective and consistent application of EC competition rules. The EU Commission and competition authorities from EU member states cooperate with each other through the ECN by, informing each other of new cases and envisaged enforcement decisions, coordinating investigations, where necessary, helping each other with investigations, exchanging evidence and other information and discussing various issues of common interest. Climate environment The EUs role: Spreading knowledge on climate change impacts and risks; Providing guidance on best approaches; Coordinating national activities, particularly when impacts cross borders such as in river basins; Adopting legislation and targets; and Providing funding. Employment and social right Health and safety at work is one of the areas where the EU has had the biggest impact with a solid legal framework covering the maximum number of risks with the minimum number of regulations. The Commission also works with the European Agency for Health and Safety at Work and the Conditions to disseminate information, offer guidance and promote healthy working environments particularly in small businesses. Legal basis: encourages improvements in occupational health and safety in all sectors of activity, both public and private, Promotes workers rights to make proposals relating to health and safety, to appeal to the competent authority and to stop work in the event of serious danger, Seeks to adequately protect workers and ensure that they return home in good health at the end of the working day. Statistics: European Statistics on Accidents at Work (ESAW) case-by-case data on occupational accidents with more than 3 days of absence from work and fatal accidents and European Occupat ional Diseases Statistics (EODS) harmonized data on occupational diseases from 2001 onwards, Labor Force Survey ad hoc modules on accidents at work and work-related health problems. Committees: Committees of national experts contribute to developing, implementing and monitoring EU legislation on health and safety at work, Advisory Committee on Safety and Health at Work (ACSH), Scientific Committee on Occupational Exposure Limits (SCOEL) and Senior Labor Inspectors Committee (SLIC). Task 5 Economic Factors: Definitely turbulence in economy also plays vital shift of demands of the market segment. Recent world economy is shaken by the Credit crunch issue, citizen has less disposable income, and there is wild redundancy and less GDP in almost every economy. The major geographic markets of McDonalds are also affected by higher interest rate and inflation. So, cost of doing business has increased and a sale is generally decreased. This has affected also the sales of McDonalds like all other businesses throughout the world. McDonalds has recognized this issue reduced their menu to a reasonable prices and also offering a wide range of foods. Environmental factors: Green issues, renewing energy sources, recycling of rubbish or waste disposal all are a matter of concern. But these are less of significance for McDonald for the moment. Environment is the biggest challenge due to its commitment towards the environment; it has adopted Rain Forest Policy. This states its assurance for beef purchasing practices that do not cause tropical de-forestation by any means. It fully aware of the fact that enormous utilization of the natural resources can imbalance the eco system. That is why, it is recycling vegetable oil, grease etc. by converting them as fuel for their diesel trucks. Demographic factor The worlds age is changing. In some areas, mostly in developed countries such as the United States, Japan and many in Western Europe, the median age of the population is growing older, due to slowing birth rates and longer life expectancy. In the newer, emerging countries, such as those in Asia or Africa, the median age is getting younger mostly due to higher birth rates. These different trends require different marketing approaches. McDonalds caters to both segments of the population, domestically and globally by targeting each segment individually. It is not unusual to see television commercials showcasing older generations enjoying a McDonalds meal. A viewer is just as likely to see another commercial aimed at the younger generation, characterized by progressive music or urban attractions. In McDonalds stores, customers will see Happy Meals complete with an advertisement for the latest Hollywood action movie as well as coffee offered to senior citizens for 49 cents. Technological factor: Till now, the market trend does not reveal high impact on fast food restaurant for technologies. However, the general equipments, temperature regulators, control devices, point-of-sales(POS) systems, inventory management, financial information and communications are all linked to different technologies. Any improvement of integrating better technologies for better purposes will give an edge of operations and can also help it better marketing strategies. For example, recently McDonald has installed facility for free access to internet at their restaurants through Wi-Fi systems. This has increased the value of brand market positioning.

Therapeutic Touch : Its Effectiveness On Surgical Incision Site Pain Es

Therapeutic Touch : Its Effectiveness On Surgical Incision Site Pain INTRODUCTION Therapeutic touch has been shown to decrease patients anxiety levels and increase their pain tolerance levels when other more mainstream therapies have not been completely effective. "Therapeutic touch is a process by which energy is transmitted from one person to another for the purpose of potentiating the healing process of one who is ill or injured." (Heidt, 1981; Krieger, 1979; Lionberger, 1985; Randolph, 1984; Kramer, 1990). In my capacity as a nursing student on a medical- surgical unit, I have noticed an increase in pain medication requests among patients with incision site pain and a minimal use of alternative therapies for this pain management. With the use of therapeutic touch nurses can regain a closeness with patients and also have a direct effect on their pain level. Therefore the purpose of this study will be to determine if therapeutic touch is an effective intervention for patients experiencing surgical incision site pain within the first forty-eight hours after surgery. PROBLEM STATEMENT The question posed for study is: "Is therapeutic touch an effective intervention for decreasing a patients surgical site pain within the first forty-eight hours after surgery?". The independent variable is therapeutic touch. The dependant variable is decreasing surgical site pain. The population to be studied will be patients on a thirty bed medical-surgical floor of a Lake Charles hospital. Fifty surgical patients will be studied over a four week period. The patients will be randomly selected to avoid any bias by the researcher. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROBLEM "... therapeutic touch is a nursing intervention that has the potential for eliciting a state of physiological relaxation in patients and for decreasing patients anxiety" (Heidt, 1991). The use of therapeutic touch is very important to the nursing community. The need for immediate intervention in acute or chronic pain could be handled at the bedside with no need to await a doctor's order for pharmacological intervention. Anxiety could be lessened to let patients rest more comfortably in the stressful hospital environment. Also teaching could be enhanced in the less anxious and more pain free client.... ...al Nursing, 31, (2), 19-22. Keller, E., MSN,RN-C, Bzdek, V.M., PhD, RN, (1986). Effects of therapeutic touch on tension headache pain. Nursing Research, 35, (2), 101-106. Kramer, N.A., MSN, RN, (1990). Comparison of therapeutic touch and casual touch in stress reduction of hospitalized children. Pediatric Nursing, 16, (5), 483-485. Mathews, K.M., RN, MN, SCM, (1991). Mothers' satisfaction with their neonates' breast feeding behaviors. Journal of Gynecological and Neonatal Nursing, 20, (1), 48-55. Polit, D.F., PhD, Hungler, B.P., RN,PhD, (1993). Essentials of nursing research methods, appraisal, and utilization (3rd ed.). Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott company. Publication manual of the american psychological association (6th ed.). (1995). Washington D.C.: American Psychological Association. Quinn, J.F., RN, PhD, FAAN, Strelkauskas, A.J., PhD, (1993). Psychoimmunologic effects of therapeutic touch on practitioners and recently bereaved recipients: A pilot study. Advances in Nursing Science, 15, (4), 13-26.

Hamlet Essay -- Shakespeare

‘Critics often judge Gertrude as a weak, selfish and innocent woman, caught up in conflicts she does not fully understand.’ To what extent do you agree with this? The two female characters in Shakespeare’s tragedy seem to be drowned in the mist of the deceitful power-game played by the male characters, which contribute to the on-going tragic conventions of murder, revenge and betrayal so prevalent in this form of drama. The title of Hamlet’s metatheatrical play-within-a-play, 'the mouse-trap' is as applicable to the plot of Shakespeare’s 'Hamlet'; set in the especially patriarchal society of Elsinore, which is dominated by the authoritative actions of the male characters, Hamlet may be seen as a tragedy where the female characters have small and seemingly unimportant roles in the tragic plot compared to the climactic ‘masculine’ moments – the visitations of the Ghost, the dramatic agon between Hamlet and Claudius and the final conquest between Hamlet and his counterpart Laertes. Gertrude is a character whose fate is tragically overshadowed by the power of these men, indicative of the submissive role o f women in the Jacobean period. Despite the fact that directors often present Gertrude as a sensual and deceitful woman who is vain and self-satisfied with strong sexual appetites, if one looks to Shakespeare’s text, this character has a very small and arguably innocent voice in the play; indeed Rebecca Smith argues that ‘Gertrude’s words and action create not the lusty, lustful, lascivious Gertrude that one generally sees in stage and film productions but a compliant, loving, unimaginative woman whose only concern is pleasing others’. In order to assess Shakespeare’s characterisation of the Queen, it is necessary to exami... ...arded as selfish, weak and innocent, caught up in a conflict that she more than understands. Works Cited Bamber, L.(1990) â€Å"Class Struggle: Shakespeare and Sexism.† The Women’s Review of Books 7:5. Bradley, A.C. (1966) Shakespearean Tragedy. New York: St. Martin's Press. Burnett, Mark, ed. (1994) New Essays on Hamlet. New York: AMS Press. Granville-Barker, Henry. (1970) Prefaces to Shakespeare. New York: Hill and Wang. Heilbrun, Carolyn. (1957) Hamlet’s Mother. California: University of California Press. Kolin, Philip C. (1991). Shakespeare and Feminist Criticism an Annotated Bibliography and Commentary. New York: Garland. Loske, Olaf. (1960) Outrageous Fortune. Oslo: Oslo University Press. Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. Shakespeare, William. Macbeth. Smith, Rebecca. ‘A Heart Cleft in Twain: the Dilemma of Shakespeare’s Gertrude’.

Financial Markets, Money Markets, and Institutions

FINANCIAL MARKETS, MONEY MARKETS, AND INSTITUTIONS Q1. A Financial intermediary is an institution that bridges between user & provider of finance. Which of the following is/are a financial intermediary? (MRQ) Venture CapitalistInsurance institutionsCredit unionsCommercial Banks(2 marks) Q2. Which of the following is a money market instrument? (MCQ)Corporate BondTreasury BillsDebenturesStocks(2 marks) Q3. Faust Co trades agricultural products & oils in its markets. Which type of market is Faust Co most likely in? (MCQ)Money marketsDerivatives marketCommodity marketsInsurance markets(2 marks) Q4. Which of the following is a difference in primary & secondary markets? (MCQ)Secondary markets relate to the trading of securities at the initial offeringPrimary & Secondary markets deals in the sale of securitiesThe primary market is used by newly public limited entitiesPrimary markets deal initial offerings & Secondary markets deals in existing investments (2 marks) Q5. The conversion of illiquid assets into marketable securities is known as? (MCQ)FuturesSecuritizationEuro currencyRepos(2 marks) Q6. Which of the following correctly describes Arbitrage? (MCQ)Opportunity for investors to widen their investmentThe use of different types of securities in the financial market for investors to assess their riskThe process of buying a security from one market and selling off to another market to obtain profitAn investment to reduce the risk of unfavorable price movements (2 marks) Q7. The following statements relate to key roles of a financial intermediary. Match the appropriate options with their definitions. (P&D)The pooling of many small deposits to make the larger advancement of finance Reduction in default risk by lending finance to multiple businesses FINANCIAL INTERMEDIATION AGGREGATION MATURITY TRANSFORMATION RISK REDUCTION(2 marks) Q8. Which of the following investment is most risky? (MCQ)Ordinary sharesPreference sharesMarket risk bondsCompany issue bonds(2 marks) Q9. Select the appropriate option in relation to money markets. (HA)It is a market for short-term funds TRUE FALSEThis market is operated by financial institutions TRUE FALSEThe interest-bearing instrument is an example of money market instrument TRUE FALSEMoney market deposits is an example of money market derivatives TRUE FALSE(2 marks) FINANCIAL MARKETS, MONEY MARKETS, AND INSTITUTIONS (ANSWERS) Q1. All options are examples of financial intermediaryVenture Capitalist (An investing company in small companies)Insurance institutions (Charging premiums which are invested to provide returns) Credit unions (A member of the union may borrow from a pool of deposits at low interest) Commercial Banks Q2. BAll others are capital market instruments. Capital markets are long-term financial instruments in form of debt or equity which are traded. Q3. CMoney markets (A market that supports short-term debt financing & investment)Derivatives market (A market that provides instruments for managing financial risk) Commodity markets (A market that supports trading of raw or natural materials)Insurance markets (A market that facilitates buying & selling of insurance) Q4. DSecondary markets relate to the trading of securities at initial offering (Incorrect, trading of old securities)Primary & Secondary markets deals in the sale of securities (Correct, but a similarity between both markets) The primary market is used by newly public limited entities (Correct, for primary market only)Primary markets deal initial offerings & Secondary markets deals in existing investments (Correct, difference between both markets) Q5. BFutures (A buying & selling of a specified asset at a fixed rate in future) Euro currency (A currency which is held by people outside the country of issue of that currency)Repos (An agreement between two parties to buy or sell a financial instrument on an agreed date & price) Q6. COpportunity for investors to widen their investment (Diversification)The use of different types of securities in the financial market for investors to assess their risk (Risk-shifting)The process of buying a security from one market and selling off to another market to obtain profit (Arbitrage)An investment to reduce the risk of unfavorable price movements (Hedging) Q7.The pooling of many small deposits to make the larger advancement of finance AGGREGATIONReduction in default risk by lending finance to multiple businesses RISK REDUCTIONFinancial Intermediation: The process of bringing together of borrower & lender is financial intermediationMaturity Transformation: Borrowers wish to obtain long-term finance & Lender is unwilling to lock its finances. This technique develops a floating pool of deposits which satisfies both needs. Q8. AOrdinary shares, most risky as paid at last after all liabilities are cleared offPreference shares, riskier than bonds as paid after debts are clearedMarket risk bonds, also known as government bond as these provide returns on the current market basis Company issue bonds, risky due to the chance of company defaults but are usually backed up by company assets Q9. It is a market for short-term funds TRUE This market is operated by financial institutions TRUE The interest-bearing instrument is an example of money market instrument TRUE Money market deposits is an example of money market derivatives FALSEMoney market deposit is an example of the interest-bearing instrument rather than money market derivatives. Money market deposit provides high interest on deposited savings.

Othello †Race and Stereotypes

Othello’s race does not prominently impact his demise, although Shakespeare touches upon the issue of race, the reason for Othello’s demise lies somewhere else. However, the allegations of race directly lead to its tragic ending. Feelings of inadequacy and distrust without question aid in the tragedy. The fact that Othello’s skin color is important alters the interpretation of the tragedy within the play. The racism represented in Othello is not just about an instance of prejudices and prejudgments made by a crowd of people against another, but in fact has much more subtle and devastating consequences, specifically, that it is proliferated not only by the discriminatory section of society, but also by the target of this discrimination. Although Othello didn’t initially validate any of the stereotypical qualities that certain people labeled him with, he began adapting to them as he started to doubt himself. By coming to the assumption that he is in a racially inferior position, Othello struggled in dealing with the stereotypes appropriately, thereby only increasing his own struggle with his race. If Othello didn’t have such inferior complex and instead had faith within him, the conflict would never have ascended. Rather than tagging the play Othello as anti-racist or a discriminatory play, there is a substantial lesson that can be learned. From a racial perspective, the tragedy exposes the powerful outcomes that racial differences can generate when in conjunction with one’s personal self-doubt. With Iago’s manipulations the notions of race were provoked for Brabantio, Rodrigo, and Othello, activating any suppressed racial prejudices and self-doubt. It seems obvious that Iago has strong feelings of personal inadequacy and is jealous and resentful of the love shared between Othello and Desdemona. However, Iago’s motive seems to be more than that. I thought his hatred was from his own personal dissatisfaction, but when he becomes lieutenant he is still unhappy and goes for the total destruction of Othello’s life. So, I tried to see what it would be like to put my feet in Iago’s shoes, to feel his hatred and of course connect what the play is about. It then hit me that through Iago’s judgments Othello is â€Å"the Moor† and should therefore exemplify the common idea of a moor, which is not admiration, self-worth, and fortune; it is one of disconnectedness and dependency. When he says that â€Å"nothing can or shall content his soul/ Till he is evened with the Moor, wife for wife† (Act 2: Scene), he means that he is satisfied until Othello’s ife is made equal with his involving feelings of inadequacy and jealousy, which are all qualities fitting to a â€Å"moor†. Throughout the play Iago repetitively uses derogatory remarks when speaking of Othello so to encourage certain people in the play to endure racism and confirm that it was the norm. Even so, some of Iago’s semantics reveal his own prejudices. For example, Iago only refers to Othello as a â€Å"Moor† with the exception of when he refers to Othello as the â€Å"black Othello† (Act 2: Scene 3). Iago hates Othello because he is â€Å"the Moor† yet does not symbolize the expected role of what is thought of to be a black man in these times. There is neither reason nor logic behind his hatred, but discrimination against one seldom has reason, for it is characteristically irrational thinking. Iago is a clear illustration of what racism is and will justify his irrational thoughts with anything, just as Iago contributes to Brabantio and Rodrigo’s reasoning behind their actions and Othello’s reasons for acting out on his uncertainties and self-doubt ultimately leading to his demise and an all-around tragedy.