The War Of The Vietnam War - 1149 Words

During 1968, the Vietnam War was a major moment in American history. The Vietnam War was the most publicized war during its era; moreover, this was the most unpopular war to hit the United States. All over the country, riots began to raise, anti-war movement spread all over the states begging to stop the war and chaos overseas. During this time, fear and doubt were widespread due to the decisions of the government, and battles occurring in Vietnam. On Jan. 31, 1968, the Tet offense began and the Vietnamese armies surprised the American and ARVN armies as they attacked almost every major town in South Vietnam. Most of these attacks were repelled and the American people saw this as a defeat. Broadcasting was one of the first times when technology could help people comprehend what was going on. With the improvements of radio and television, the American people could watch what was going on. When they saw these events happening, they realized the power that Vietnam possessed was well mor e than what they were expecting. Although this did bring down the opinions about the war down, it also greatly affected their thoughts of the government. Before this had happened, military leaders like Gen. Westmorland were saying to Americans that the Army had everything under control. This event proved to be contradictory to all the previous statements made about the war. This Offensive also vastly affected President Johnson as well. The president’s popularity was being lost as AmericansShow MoreRelatedThe War Of Vietnam And The Vietnam War1525 Words   |  7 PagesThe war in Vietnam is The United States and other capitalist bloc countries supported South Vietnam (Republic of Vietnam) against the support by the Soviet Union and other socialist bloc countries of North Vietnam (Democratic Republic of Vietnam) and the Vietcong of war. Which occurred during the Cold War of Vietnam (main battlefield), Laos, and Cambodia. This is the biggest and longtime war in American history during the 1960s (Best 2008). It is also the most significant war after World War IIRead MoreThe War Of The Vietnam War1475 Words   |  6 Pageson one such event, the Vietnam War, came from entertainment-based programs and the play Miss Saigon. Despite heavy coverage in such well-known comedic films as Forrest Gump and Good Morning Vietnam, the true events were anything but a laugh for those involved. In spite of the relative recentness of the events in Vietnam, many of today’s youths know little about the topic. The events in Vietnam raise the ever-present question on the ethics of third party involvement in a war otherwise unrelated toRead MoreThe War Of The Vietnam War1729 Words   |  7 Pagesspread of communism all around the world. This is what lead to the gruesome war that lasted over a decade in Vietnam. A great deal of social changed happened all over the world, but particularly in America as the Vietnam War dragged on. As people became more aware of the atrocitie s going on in Southeast Asia, the endless domestic support turned into widespread explosive protest. During the first few years of the Vietnam conflict, Americans full heartedly supported the United States and its governmentRead MoreThe War Of The Vietnam War1379 Words   |  6 Pagestensions over the Vietnam war caused many americans to become divided on the actions taken by the government across seas. Americans questioned whether the government could be trusted. The feeling of betrayal and government secrecy created the â€Å"Credibility Gap,† in which many americans believed that the government no longer was for the people, but for anything else that would benefit the government. The Vietnam War exacerbated the gap between the pro-war traditionalists and anti-war liberals along withRead MoreThe War Of The Vietnam War1430 Words   |  6 Pagesended in 1989, the Vietnam war is still being fought, but on a different battlefield, one of public opinion. Some call this war an atrocity, a war the United States should never have joined. Others call it a crime, committed by the power hungry politicians of the U.S. Now that new information from both sides of the war has surfaced and the wounds of battle have had more time to heal there is yet another opinion emerging. The Vietnam War was in fact only one of many proxy wars fought under the umbrellaRead MoreThe War Of The Vietnam War1155 Words   |  5 PagesThe Vietnam War cost many Americans their lives in the 60s and 70s. Many were drafted into the war by choice and others selectively chosen to join to help America. The contributions made had a major impact on the American side of the Vietnam War. Though many contributions were made none stand out any more than others. It is sometimes said there is always a hero in the war who helped the victory. Wars, however, do not have war heroes because a hero is making an undeniable contribution to the war andRead MoreThe War Of The Vietnam War1592 Words   |  7 PagesThe Vietnam War was said to be one of the most significant wars in the twentieth century. This w ar took place from November 1, 1955 to April 30, 1975. It was at the time, the longest war in American history. Much of the conflict was centered in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. During that time, approximately 58,219 US troops were killed in action. The reason America got involved in the Vietnam War was to stop the spread of communism in South East Asia and beyond. â€Å"America’s involvement in Vietnam derivedRead MoreThe War Of The Vietnam War1204 Words   |  5 Pagesus†¦ When that is the way you are, how do you conduct your life?† The Vietnam War killed over fifty eight thousand Americans and over 61% of the men killed were 21 years or younger. Most Americans are conflicted with the fact whether the Anti War Movement played a factor in prolonging the Vietnamese War. â€Å"In every story there are two sides and in between lies the truth.† Anonymous The United States become involved in Vietnam after the French withdrew when the Republican President Dwight EisenhowerRead MoreThe War Of The Vietnam War877 Words   |  4 PagesAnother big difference in this war was that the Vietnam War was had more disapproval and was more expressive within the American public, unlike the Korean War. The ANITWAR MOVEMENT started in the 1960s this group was never enacted until this era. There was not a group like this in Vietnam, but there were many groups that opposed the war. The main object of these revolts was the American military presence in Indochina. The ANITWAR MOVEMENT caused an influence not only socially, but also in the realmRead MoreThe War Of The Vietnam War1421 Words   |  6 PagesIn July and August of 1972, Jane Fonda made radio broadcasts from Hanoi that changed the way Americans thought of the Vietnam war and of her. To this day, many people view her as a traitor and criticise her actions in Vietnam; however, some people we re truly inspired by her words and what she had to say. Despite people s personal opinions, Fonda was a powerful speaker and knew how to convey her message to her audience. She tried to convince people that the American government and military were the

Invictus Movie Analysis - 2408 Words

Movie Analysis Invictus The movie I watched and will review in the following paragraphs is ‘Invictus.’ I took this opportunity to watch this movie and analyze the leadership style of Nelson Mandela along with two others in this film. This report is categorized by a brief review of the motion picture including descriptions of events which I found relevant to the topic and leadership style of three individuals from the movie. The leadership style is done using Kouzes and Posner and also some of the other leadership theories discussed in this class. This is followed by concluding thoughts and specific examples of how I can take some of the leadership traits displayed in this movie and implement them in my own life. I googled the definition of ‘Invictus’ and found that to mean ‘unconquered’ or ‘invincible’ in Latin. The reason the movie is titled Invictus is the use of the poem titled the same to extend inspiration. Nelson Mandela mentions in the movie that ‘Invictus’ which is a short Victorian poem by an English poet inspired him during his time in prison at Robben Island. The movie is about how Nelson Mandela uses the National rugby team of South Africa which was earlier a symbol of apartheid to unite the people of the country and bring together the ‘torn’ country after assuming a leadership role as the President. There are various instances mentioned in this report which illustrate how he inspired others and led by example. Upon being released from prison Nelson MandelaShow MoreRelatedFilm Analysis : Invictus Movie Analysis1241 Words   |  5 Pages Invictus Movie Analysis Name Institution Introduction The words indicate that a leader should not always be at the forefront, but he or she can leave some duties of the position to his subjects. The case fittingly applies to instances when the people are the ones who actively participate in certain achievements and therefore, they should be given the credit for it while their leader partakes in the attainment in a passive manner. However, the leader should be in the forefront to protectRead MoreAmerica s The Global Movie Scene806 Words   |  4 PagesFor generations, Hollywood has dominated the global movie scene. In many countries American films capture up to 90 percent of the market (Campbell 201). Cultural studies is in fact the study of the ways in which culture is constructed and organized and the ways in which it evolves and changes over time. More recently, as globalization has started to intensify, and the United States government has been actively promoting free trade agendas and trade on cultural products, which led Hollywoo d into becomingRead MoreEffective Leadership And The Leadership Essay1398 Words   |  6 Pagesanalyze the leadership theories and demonstrate different styles of leadership Nelson Mandela implemented in the movie â€Å"Invictus†. 2.0 Analysis: - 2.1. Scene 1: - Mandela Invites Pienaar: - Mandel invites Francois Pienaar, a white Afrikaner and South African (Springbok) Rugby team captain, at the government office and motivates him to win the 1995 Rugby World Cup. 2.1.1. Analysis Theory Integration: - Mandela invites Pienaar at the president office. The leadership of Pienaar was importantRead MoreThe Characters Of Nelson Mandela And The 1995 South Africa s Rugby Team Captain Francois Pienaar Essay2146 Words   |  9 Pages1.0 Introduction: In the film ‘Invictus’ the characters of President Nelson Mandela and the 1995 South Africa’s rugby team captain Francois Pienaar exhibit excellent example of leadership theory and concept which help viewers to comprehend and take in the lesson of fundamental leadership practices and the results. By traits and behavioural leadership theory we can recognizes the fundamental qualities and practices principally showed by every viable pioneer. These characteristics and practices additionallyRead MoreNelson Mandelas Leadership4907 Words   |  20 PagesReason and inspiration of choosing him as a worthy leader, has become the movie ,,Invictus† OUR PURPOSE: Present Nelson Mandela’s diverse characteristics, styles, tactics through analysis that explains him as successful leader. WHAT HAVE BEEN DONE? - For our purpose we have provided: ï‚ · Theoretical studies; ï‚ · Data collection from: Internet Books Magazine-interviews Film ï‚ · Comparison of collected data and analysis with the materials studied so far; Page 5 NELOSN MANDELA’S LEADERSHIP Read MoreThe Media s Choice Of A Desert2122 Words   |  9 Pagesin the oppositional position are the audience that do not share the text s code. Although they understand the meaning, they reject it. Here it can be Africans, especially Nigerians. First, they realize and know that, apart from being fiction, the movie was not shot in Nigeria, and the film does not reflect what can happen in today’s Nigeria, so they reject the message. After the message was interpreted at the Reproduction stage. The dominant audience does not just get the message of the film, but

Branding Sales Revenue In Coles Supermarket â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Branding Sales Revenue In Coles Supermarket? Answer: Introduction Branding serves as a powerful tool that facilitates in attracting its target consumers to purchase specific products. In a developed nation like Australia, supermarket industry is positioned as among the major industries that basically contributes to the economic development. Consumers decision making and branding plays a major role in retail industry that can increase sales revenue and can further impact Coles supermarket within the market (Armstrong et al., 2014). Sales revenue can get increased if the retailers tend to be highly associated in manufacturing a product differentiation. In addition to a particular brand name, branding is also composed of effective packaging, products, advertising, and promotion along with its total presentation that grabs attention of a huge consumer base. Branding serves as a means to differentiate between its all the products and such differences might be rational, functional or tangible associated with product performance of the brand that can furt her increase a companys sales revenue. Sales revenue can get increased based on the impact of branding on consumers of a retail company (Bailey, 2017). If the consumers of the retail company focus on associating brand with the value of a product they tend to purchase the same product. Considering the same, Coles supermarket focuses on brand building so that all its target consumers get attracted towards the retail organization and its products. Retail companies like Coles supermarket greatly focuses on brand building so that it can increase importance and sales of its products that can bring in high revenue. It can also be gathered that attaining consumer attention through suitable branding of its products serves as a major objective of the sellers to increase sales revenue of these products in the retail market (Bailey Bailey, 2016). Problem Statement Brand is serves as the most vital factor for the businesses in the current days in order to improve the sells along with maintaining goodwill among all its consumers. Coles is positioned as a renowned brand in Australia (Ball et al., 2015). Moreover, brand image has a considerable role that impacts its sales revenue. Supermarkets directly started to source materials from the manufactures to utilize within own brand along with generic products that came to compete successfully with branded products. Efficiency of the sales promotion might be investigated by decreasing the sales bump in the promotion duration into increase in sales because of brand shifting, acceleration of purchase time and stockpiling (Biddle, 2016). Such results depict that more than 84% of increased sales as promotion can be derived from brand switching. Brand can either increase or decrease organizations sales. Brand served as an asset for any business to perform in a better manner. As Coles is not just a supermar ket in Australia, as Aldi and K-mart are its major competitors within the retail sector within Australia. For such reasons, sustaining a trusted brand image among recognized competitors is a challenging work (Bogomolova, Szabo Kennedy, 2017). As within the sectors like supermarket, brand maintains a significant focus on consumer buying behavior that has a considerable impact on sales revenue. For this reason, the current research focuses on analyzing impacts of branding on Coles sales revenue. Research Objectives/ Questions The aim of the current research is to analyze the impacts of branding on sales revenue of the Coles supermarket. The objectives of the current research that are to be addressed are explained below: To recognize the perceptions of consumers for the brand To reveal the previous sales revenue of Coles supermarket To realize the recent brand image of Coles supermarket To develop a research survey that facilitates in investigating the effect of branding on sales revenue Justification of the Project The current research is focuses on making great attempts in explaining the impacts of branding on sales revenue of the Coles supermarket (Burch Goss, 2011). This research will has high implications for the marketers of Coles supermarket in developing highly effective branding strategies that can increase sales revenue of the company. In providing such implications, the recent research will explain the fact that consumers require focusing on the product value before making a product selection. However, a company focuses on focusing on the brand building concept so that the customers get attained in the company or towards a particular product (Chaudhuri Holbrook, 2013). The research will also explain that such competition level is present in the market that tries to work on several aspects that can facilitate the company in attracting new consumers along with retaining the existing consumers. The paper will also explain that the consumers attempts to select better quality that is gen erally assumed with attaining increased help of branding and goodwill of the company. Considering the same, taking the example of Coles Supermarket the research will also focus on brand building so that relevance of a specific product is increased and sale of goods takes place (Chimhundu, McNeill Hamlin, 2015). The paper will explain the aspects based on which Coles supermarket can improve branding strategies to increase their sales revenue. The paper will focus on analyzing the mind of consumers along with decision making on a product based on the branding concept. Expected Research Outcome The research results are intended to offer an analytical structure along with evaluating the impact of branding on sales revenue of the Coles supermarket in Australia. The results of the research will facilitate the super marketers to develop effective branding strategies more specifically will enable marketers of Coles Supermarket to improve, evaluate and develop effective competitive strategies (Dwivedi Merrilees, 2016). Such strategies can further facilitate the company in attaining increase sales revenue with improving companys performance along with maintaining competitive advantages among others. This will also facilitate the supermarket marketers to understand the overall picture of the scenario and facilitate the marketers to perform better in case branding strategies are not that efficient in generating enough sales revenue (Dwivedi Charlin, 2016). All the developed research questions as explained previously is deemed to be answered based on the empirical evidence within the literature review sections, data collection along with data analysis which will be used in the current research. The anticipated results of the research will be considered as the solutions of the recognized research problem in the current research proposal (Ghalebeigi, 2015). In addition to the same, the current research will not only be helpful for the marketers of Coles supermarket, it will also serve as an advantage for the consumers those rely on branding for predict selection that can supervise the reasons for sales revenue increase in a better manner. Conceptual Framework and Research Hypothesis The major objective of the current research is to carry out this research based on the below described conceptual framework (Bogomolova, Szabo Kennedy, 2017). Considering the elements of the conceptual framework, the paper will focus on analyzing the impact of branding strategies of Coles supermarket on its increasing sales revenue. In the current research sales revenue is considered as the dependent variable and independent variables includes branding (brand image and advertising). Figure 1: Conceptual Framework (Source: Authors Creation) Brand is serves as the most vital factor for the businesses in the current days in order to improve the sells along with maintaining goodwill among all its consumers. Coles is positioned as a renowned brand in Australia (Ball et al., 2015). Moreover, brand image has a considerable role that impacts its sales revenue. Supermarkets directly started to source materials from the manufactures to utilize within own brand along with generic products that came to compete successfully with branded products. Efficiency of the sales promotion might be investigated by decreasing the sales bump in the promotion duration into increase in sales because of brand shifting, acceleration of purchase time and stockpiling. Brand image is deemed to be directly linked with revenue performance of a company (Bogomolova, Szabo Kennedy, 2017). This is for the reason that brand image can be explained as the marketing and financial values associated with a brands strength within the market that encompass awaren ess of brand name, brand loyalty, perceived brand quality along with brand associations. This will also facilitate the supermarket marketers to understand the overall picture of the scenario and facilitate the marketers to perform better in case branding strategies are not that efficient in generating enough sales revenue. Brand image can be related with the way in which consumer reacts to the brands aspects of marketing mix in comparison to the factious alternative within the product category. Increasing revenue through enhancing brand image is focused on two major aspects that include selecting brand identities such as logo and name along with developing certain supporting marketing initiatives that links all the identities (Bogomolova, Szabo Kennedy, 2017). Branding on packaging is deemed to have an increased impact on consumer selection of products within the retail environment. Branding on packaging of the retail products is gathered to serve two important purposes such as guiding consumers attention towards certain brands and increasing sales revenue through attaining attention of the consumers. It is evident that branding strategies of Coles supermarket can be highly effective on influencing consumer behavior through increasing recognition towards certain brands (Bogomolova, Szabo Kennedy, 2017). Increased attention towards a particular brand or product is deemed to develop high purchase intention of the consumers that can increase sales of that particular product. Branding serves as a process of developing a communication bridge between the sellers and the purchasers. Branding strategies developed by the retail companies also involves constructing trust and confidence relationship that makes the consumers loyal to the company desp ite of available substitute products or prices (Bogomolova, Szabo Kennedy, 2017). Brand building is a highly effective trend presents in the market those facilitators a company in improving its participation. Target consumers tend to focus on the branding concept as iota involves maintaining increased control and dominance in the marketplace over its existing competitors. Effective brand management facilitates a company in developing higher consumer base for the company that can further increase sales revenue of the company amidst its competitors and gaining mind positioning among its consumers (Bogomolova, Szabo Kennedy, 2017). Brand management requires maintaining brand awareness so that its consumers can attain enough product knowledge offered by the company and then go for purchasing any product. Considering the same, it can be stated that followed by brand awareness, increased focus on brand image is also needed that can help a company in effective branding of its products among the consumers and generating increased sale revenue (Bogomolova, Szabo Kennedy, 2017). Research Hypotheses In consideration to the problem statement identified in the research along with focusing on the research objective, the following research hypotheses has been developed for testing through the current research. H0: Developing effective branding strategies by Coles supermarket can improve its sales revenue. There is positive relationship between the branding strategies and improvement of sales revenue. H1: Developing effective branding strategies by Coles supermarket cannot improve its sales revenue. There is no positive relationship between the branding strategies and improvement of sales revenue. Methodology The research methodologies that will be employed in analyzing the impacts of branding on sales revenue of the Coles supermarket are explained below: Literature review: Literature review research methodology will be employed in the current research that will be focused on gathering data from previous sales records of Coles supermarket that will be employed as a secondary data in data analysis (Gupta, 2014). In addition to that numerous previous journals on brand image of Coles supermarket and its sales revenue pattern will also be employed. Other than these different peer reviews along with previous research reports on Coles supermarkets brand and sales revenue factors, previous surveys and distinct associated books will be brought to use in analyzing data (Zarkada-Fraser Fraser, 2015). Literature review research methodology is employed in the current research as this facilitates in conducting relevant research concerned about certain influences on the impact of branding strategies on increasing sales revenue of Coles supermarket (Jary Wileman, 2016). A detailed analysis of previous papers will be carried out that can offer a cr itical look on the present research important for making future research implications on branding and its impact on increasing sales revenue of Coles supermarket. Data Analysis: For analyzing the collected data in the current research two major techniques will be employed such as qualitative and quantitative data analysis. Qualitative data analysis can be used as a technique in which different questionnaire will be used for surveying the consumers regarding their perception on the products of Coles Supermarket (Jones, 2017). Qualitative data analysis will be conducted in the current research for the reason that it offers a broad methodological approach which uses several research methods. These methods analyze the reasons of decision making on a research problem. In addition, quantitative data analysis technique will employ previous data that will be explained through representation in graphs and charts (Lawrence Dixon, 2015). Quantitative research is used in the current research for it is deemed to gather huge amount of relevant data. This analysis is applied to the raw data so that displaying of the research can be done in a better manner, particularly for those that understand the area within which statistics belong. Numerical data analysis in quantitative data analysis financial the researchers to evaluate data that is unavailable to the researcher. This analysis will also facilitate the researcher to organize and summarize along with developing the data for others use (McDonald, 2015). Organization of the Research The organization of the current research is explained under: Chapter one of the current research will prepare an introduction of the study that will include research purpose, background, scope, context and structure of the research. Chapter two of the research will focus on preparing a detailed literature review based on previous researches. Chapter three of the research will be focused on explaining the detail of methodology that will encompass data source, conceptual framework, data alignment along with data analysis. Chapter four of the current research will be focused on elaborating the result and the research analysis. Chapter five will include conclusion based in the completion of the research that will encompass major strategic adoption, future research along with necessary recommendations. Gantt chart Task Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8 Week 9 Selection of topic and search for justification Constructing literature Selecting appropriate methods Data collection Data analysis and representation Reviewing the outcomes Conclusions and recommendations Submitting draft of the project Printing and final submission Project Budget and its Justification The budget for the current research is anticipated to be $5,800 in order to complete the same within a particular time frame (from week 1 to week 9) as mentioned within the Gantt chart. This budget was allocated for the purpose under: The literature review: In order to complete the current project, it is needed to utilize the textbooks, online resources and published journals that are not available free of cost (Melnyk Bijmolt, 2015). The overall cost is anticipated to be approximately $1,400. Data Collection process: In consideration to questionnaires and surveys, it can be stated that these can be sent to the respondents by post or in person (Miranda, Konya Havrila, 2015). E-mail did not serve to be effective method for gathering relevant information due to the reason that it might remain unanswered within the junk mail box. For this reason, it is highly effective to distribute questionnaires/surveys in person along with sending surveys through posts might serve as an option if it is highly inconvenient to travel for the respondents (Van Heerde, Gupta Wittink, 2013). Expenses related with data collection, posting, travelling along with printing can be anticipated to be approximately $2,400. Data Analysis: The research will consider analyzing collected data through using charts; tables and figures firm the private as well as the government sectors (Mortimer, 2015). In addition, payment has to be made for collecting some of these data and accessing from the paid websites. Considering the same, expenses in attaining such access to the data is anticipated to cost around $2,000. Reference List Armstrong, G., Adam, S., Denize, S., Kotler, P. (2014).Principles of marketing. Pearson Australia. Bailey, M. (2017). Absorptive Capacity, International Business management Knowledge Transfer, and Local Adaptation: Establishing Discount Department Stores in Australia.Australian Economic History Review,57(2), 194-216. Bailey, M., Bailey, M. (2016). Marketing to the Big Middle: establishing Australian discount department stores.Journal of Historical Research in Marketing,8(3), 416-433. Ball, K., McNaughton, S. A., Le, H. N., Gold, L., Mhurchu, C. N., Abbott, G., ... Crawford, D. (2015). Influence of price discounts and skill-building strategies on purchase and consumption of healthy food and beverages: outcomes of the Supermarket Healthy Eating for Life randomized controlled trial.The American journal of clinical nutrition,101(5), 1055-1064. Biddle, I. (2016). The Wesfarmers/Woolworths duopoly war: The Bunnings vs. Masters battle.Busidate,24(3), 3. Bogomolova, S., Szabo, M., Kennedy, R. (2017). Retailers' and manufacturers' price-promotion decisions: Intuitive or evidence-based?.Journal of Business Research,76, 189-200. Burch, D., Goss, J. (2011). Global Sourcing and Retail Chains: Shifting Relationships of Production in Australian Agri?foods.Rural Sociology,64(2), 334-350. Chaudhuri, A., Holbrook, M. B. (2013). The chain of effects from brand trust and brand affect to brand performance: the role of brand loyalty.Journal of marketing,65(2), 81-93. Chimhundu, R., McNeill, L. S., Hamlin, R. P. (2015). Manufacturer and retailer brands: is strategic coexistence the norm?.Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ),23(1), 49-60. Dwivedi, A., Merrilees, B. (2016). Australasian Marketing Journal. Dwivedi, A., Charlin, B. (2016). Holistic consumer evaluation of retail corporate brands and impact on consumer loyalty intentions.Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ),24(1), 69-78. Ghalebeigi, A. (2015).Option Contracts for Super marketingFruit Supply Chains: Theory and Practice(Doctoral dissertation, Victoria University). Gupta, S. (2014). Impact of Sales Promotions on When, What, and How Much to Buy.Journal of Marketing Research,25(4), 342-355. doi:10.2307/3172945 Jary, M., Wileman, A. (2016).Retail Power Plays: From Trading to Brand Leadership. Springer. Jones, R. (2017).Branding: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. Lawrence, G., Dixon, J. (2015). 11. The political economy of agri-food: Supermarkets.Handbook of the International Political Economy of Agriculture and Food, 213. McDonald, P. W. (2015). Brand gravity: why line extensions of national brands attract one another and line extensions of store brands repel one another: a thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy from Macquarie University. Melnyk, V., Bijmolt, T. (2015). The effects of introducing and terminating loyalty programs.European Journal of Marketing,49(3/4), 398-419. Miranda, M. J., Konya, L., Havrila, I. (2015). Fine Tuning Customer Satisfaction to Prevent Shopper Attrition. InAssessing the Different Roles of Marketing Theory and Practice in the Jaws of Economic Uncertainty(pp. 152-156). Springer, Cham. Mortimer, G. (2015). Move over Aldi, Lidl may be next for Australian market.The Conversation, (15). Van Heerde, H. J., Gupta, S., Wittink, D. R. (2013). Is 75% of the sales promotion bump due to brand switching? No, only 33% is.Journal of Marketing Research,40(4), 481-491. Zarkada-Fraser, A., Fraser, C. (2015). Integrating social and economic orientated marketing: A study of retail management. InProceedings of the 2000 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference(pp. 219-223). Springer, Cham.

Osmosis in Onion Cell Essay Example

Osmosis in Onion Cell Paper A living plant cell will shrinks or swells depending on the solute concentration of the cell in relation to the solute concentration of the fluid surrounding the cell (1). It follows that water will move from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration, therefore, if a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution water will move from the cell into the scauseson until the cell shrinks(l). Further water loss auses can cause the cells protoplasm to peel away from the cell wall leaving a gap between the cell wall and the cell membrane, a process called plasmolysis(l) However if the cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, water will move from the solution into the cell and cause the cell to burst (1). A cell in an isotonic solution neither swells nor shrinks because there is no concentration gradient for water across the cell membrane (1) The objective of this experiment is to find out the effect distilled water, 3% sodium chloride solution and 5% sodium chloride solution have on nion epidermal cells. We will write a custom essay sample on Osmosis in Onion Cell specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Osmosis in Onion Cell specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Osmosis in Onion Cell specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer From the above literature, its hypothesised that the cells in distilled water should maintain their shape, cells in 3% sodium chloride should shrink and the cells in 5% sodium chloride should experience more shrinking than that of the 3% solution. The onion epidermal cell is transparent with a simple structure so it is a suitable cell for studying the effect of water loss on cells (2) Some specimens can be viewed directly underneath the microscope but putting a drop of water on the specimen can improve how the structures appear under icroscope and also prevent the specimen from drying out on the slide (2). Adding water to the specimen is called wet mount. The liquid used in wet mount fills the space between the slides to support the specimen and also allows light to pass through easily (3). The liquid is usually water can also be a stain. Stains are used in microscopy to highlight structures in biological structures for viewing under microscopes (3). There are many types of stains each is used for its own benefits, iodine, eosin are some of the common stains used in the microscopy (3). Iodine is used as a cell stain because its absorbed by cell organelles which are mostly transparent and turn them coloured making them more visible under the microscope (3). It was found that the cells which were placed in 3% solution increased in size contrary to the hypothesis. The cells placed in 5% solution shrank and cells in placed in normal saline kept their normal shape. MATERIALS Glass slide Cover slip Onion tissue Dropper Light miscrope Sodium chloride (NaCl) Distilled water Tweezers Measuring tube Bunsen tube Pipette Blotting paper Stage micrometer METHOD Lay down three different slides labelling the three different solution you intend to use. Peel a thin layer of tissues (epidermis) using the forceps (tweezers) from the whole onion. Put the epidermis on the center of each of the slide displayed and labelled. Drop a few drops of each of the labelled solutions onto the onion membrane, making sure the tissues is flattened and not wrinkled on the slide. Wait for 3 minutes before putting a cover slip on the slide. Put the cover slip on the stained tissue and the different solutions involve. Gently tap out any air bubbles and ry to soak out any extra solution around the covered tissues. Adjust the diaphragm so that the right amount of light is shining on the slide stage. Put the slide onto the microscope stage and fix with the stage clips Observe the tissues under the microscope under low, medium and high powers. Also making sketches, writing down observation. Making sure of an eye piece graticule and stage micrometer scale to measure cells and units. Be sure to write what magnification for each sketch. Make sure you label any organelles you see. Cell wall, membrane, nucleus and ytoplasm Calculate magnification of drawings and actual sizes of specimens DATA The eye piece graticule remains constant no matter what magnification the epidermis are looked at. RESULTS DISCUSSIONS CONLUSION References 1 . Sperelakis, Nicholas (2011). Cell Physiology Source Book: Essentials of Membrane Biophysics. Academic press. p. 288. ISBN 978-0-12-387738-3. 2. Horobtn RW, Kiernan JA (2002) Conns Biological Stains. A Handbook of Dyes Stains and Fluorochromes for (1981) Staining Procedures, 4th ed. , Baltimore: Williams Wilkins, p. 412, ISBN 0683017071 .

Free Essays on Father And I

In the short story â€Å"Father and I†, by Par Lagerkvist, a boy and his father take a walk in the woods on a Sunday afternoon. The sun is shining, the birds are chirping, and a familiar train drives by. The father waves and the driver waves back. Everything is perfect. Then it begins to get dark. Things are changing and nothing looks the same. The boy is frightened, but the father tells the boy he shouldn’t be. Out of nowhere, a dark and mysterious train comes close to hitting them both. The father points out that it is strange to see a train like that. The boy starts to realize that he is different from his father and that his whole life is going to be frightening. When it starts to get dark, the boy senses his own vulnerability in the world. The boy is thinking that the dark is making the world come alive. †It is getting darker and darker, and the trees were so queer. They stood and listened for the sound of footsteps, as they didn’t know who we were. It was roaring down underneath us as if it wanted to swallow us up, as the ground seem to open under us.† This shows that he is frightened. Right after the father told the boy he shouldn’t be frightened, the boy realizes his father cannot always protect him. â€Å"I felt so lonely, so abandoned. It was queer that it was only me that was frightened, not Daddy. It was queer that we didn’t feel the same about it. And it was queerer still that what he said didn’t help, didn’t stop me being frightened.† This shows that the boy can’t always depend on his father and he will need to make his own secure world. The boy learns that he must be in charge of his own safety and security in the world. â€Å" It was all the fear which would come to me, all the unknown; all that Daddy didn’t know about, and couldn’t save me from. That is how the world would be for me, and the strange life I would live.† This shows that the boy is realizing that his whole life is changing and that... Free Essays on Father And I Free Essays on Father And I In the short story â€Å"Father and I†, by Par Lagerkvist, a boy and his father take a walk in the woods on a Sunday afternoon. The sun is shining, the birds are chirping, and a familiar train drives by. The father waves and the driver waves back. Everything is perfect. Then it begins to get dark. Things are changing and nothing looks the same. The boy is frightened, but the father tells the boy he shouldn’t be. Out of nowhere, a dark and mysterious train comes close to hitting them both. The father points out that it is strange to see a train like that. The boy starts to realize that he is different from his father and that his whole life is going to be frightening. When it starts to get dark, the boy senses his own vulnerability in the world. The boy is thinking that the dark is making the world come alive. †It is getting darker and darker, and the trees were so queer. They stood and listened for the sound of footsteps, as they didn’t know who we were. It was roaring down underneath us as if it wanted to swallow us up, as the ground seem to open under us.† This shows that he is frightened. Right after the father told the boy he shouldn’t be frightened, the boy realizes his father cannot always protect him. â€Å"I felt so lonely, so abandoned. It was queer that it was only me that was frightened, not Daddy. It was queer that we didn’t feel the same about it. And it was queerer still that what he said didn’t help, didn’t stop me being frightened.† This shows that the boy can’t always depend on his father and he will need to make his own secure world. The boy learns that he must be in charge of his own safety and security in the world. â€Å" It was all the fear which would come to me, all the unknown; all that Daddy didn’t know about, and couldn’t save me from. That is how the world would be for me, and the strange life I would live.† This shows that the boy is realizing that his whole life is changing and that...

buy custom Computing Resources essay

buy custom Computing Resources essay While cloud computing provides a reliable means to support remote and ensure an effective on demand access to computing resources, its impromptu management creates significant challenges to scalability, dependability, economical costs and performance of the cloud services. Hence the Service Level Agreement (SLA) and the Quality of Service (QoS) will be the distinguishing element between the cloud computing environments. Conversely, service constituents and the cloud elasticity that bring about cloud computing make the management of cloud significantly challenging. The proposed PhD project intends to investigate novel procedures for scalable and competent provisioning of the cloud, whilst assuring dependability and reducing costs. The project will therefore study a ground-breaking approach that puts together the control theory procedures with the distributed algorithms so as to generate self-elastic clouds. Control laws, novel models and distributed algorithms will consequently be pro posed for automatic provisioning, configuration and employment of cloud services so as to meet the requirements for SLA, while dealing with dynamics and scalability issues. The urgency for data storage has resulted from the need for constant memory or information. The continuous demand for data access has led to the development of numerous methods for managing and organizing it. The advancement from data processing to user utilization has led to substitutions in the way raw data is organized and searched. This explosive increase of unstructured data brings challenges in the scalability, dependability and performance of the wed services. Cloud is up-and-coming as an occurrence and it is booming at the convergence of several tendencies in the software engineering. Service based architecture, internet oriented and virtualization applications have rapidly developed in the past few years. Following this, cloud is proving to be the next major step in this field. This is because; it several tasks can be performed through a specific network services. Within this relatively short time, various web services have been on use for cloud computing. Some of these incl ude; the software as a service, platform as a service, and platform as a service among others. Nevertheless, debates have been boiling up on how the cloud can be improved so as to ensure quality and cheap services. Service Level Agreement (SLA) is one way of ensuring scalability, dependability and availability of web services to the consumers. The unspoken demand to eradicate the loss and unavailability of data has triggered the development of exceedingly avalable and reliable storage structures. In addition to this, the need for cheap web services has resulted to the development of advanced devices and systems for storage. With this in mind, there is need to innovate more reliable models and techniques that will improve the scalability and dependability of data. Research Question I: Novel models and distributed algorithms have not been efficient in the provisioning, configuration and employment of cloud services Research Question II: There have never been algorithms that are scalable for the minimization of web service cost thus data retrieval is relatively expensive. The storage and retrieval of information is a systematic procedure that encompasses the collection and cataloging of data so that it can easily be located and recovered on request. Advanced information processing techniques have made the speedy and careful retrieval of large amounts of data possible. Database schemes can store data in the form of distinct records that can be explored and retrieved based on the content of their fields. However, the volume of data has swiftly been on constant increase in the past few years. Whilst computer technology has to a greater extent encouraged the growth of information, its rapid growth has posed a challenge on the storage and retrieval. In the past, several kinds of data handling databases have been developed including the relational network models but they still have their own shortages despite the fact that they have been improved. In addition, most of the data is currently in unstructured format thus it can not be properly managed by the an cient models. Therefore there is need for invention of advanced protocols that will work towards scalable and dependable computing in the cloud for unstructured data. Qian, Tipper Krishnamurthy (1) have supported the idea that the advanced computer technology has brought about multifaceted problems that have continually posed a threat on the confidentiality, integrity and availability of data. Several researchers have described data confidentiality as the general term that has been used in the prevention of data from exposure to systems or individuals that are not permitted. Integrity on the other hand has been described as protection of data to the extent that it can not be altered without permission while the purpose of availability is to ensure that data is easily accessible when needed (2). Horton Mugge (3) have provided dependable tips that help IT scholars to deliver convenient hacking and protection architecture solutions as well as how to use effectivee and advanced security equipment. Tlhong and Reeve in (4) have described a Service Level Agreement (SLA) that is based on Service Level Agreement Language (SLAng). In their work, they have successful analyzed SLAs and provided an inspiration for automating and modeling of SLAs modeling. Research has been done on the concepts and techniques that have been on use for the retrieval of information that has been hidden in huge data storage devices. Special focus has been put on the issues concerning the convenience, achievability, efficiency and scalability of the data (5). Hill (8), goes ahead into explaining the key objectives of unstructured data protection which include; integrity, confidentiality and availability. Research has shown that machine decipherable SLAs are effective in improving the levels of computerization in the management of SLA thus reducing possible violations (4). Web services have been greatly expanding over the past years and this rate is expected to increase in the coming years and to ensure that unstructured data is safe and well secured, apposite access-control techniques need to be enforced (6). Photopoulos (7) also supports the idea that a multi-tiered move toward security of unstructured data, coupled with appropriate strategies and clear a ccess control is necessary. Like many other researchers, Qian, Tipper Krishnamurthy (1) have also acknowledged that the advanced technology has resulted to complex problems that continue to intimidate the availability, integrity, and confidentiality of unstructured information. Their work has also strived in providing an inclusive exposure of security procedures and survivability as well as determining how these two apparatus work together to construct a vigorous and reliable Information Assurance. The prominence of internet-based and rich media applications has led to the sudden increase of unstructured data that in turn require secure and more reliable storage and retrieval solutions (13). Thuraisingham (12) asserts that applications that involve video processing, rendering of animation, audio, complex websites coupled with the aptitude to easily create digital information from hand phones and other devices has greatly contributed to the burdens of storage capacities. Unlike structured data, unstructured dat a is formless and includes PDF files, slide decks, videos, web pages, images, MP4 and Mp3 files and word documents among others (12). The storage and retrieval of data, both structured and unstructured is the whole process that involves the collection and recording of data so as to make it available to the users on request (9). Buy custom Computing Resources essay

The global warming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The global warming - Essay Example ds, carbon monoxide, heavy metals, ozone, radon, and industrial smog (sulfurous and nitrous compounds mixed with water vapor and soot) (Global, 2003). Many of these pollutants are released into the atmosphere from areas of heavy industry and high traffic areas. Air pollution existed long before this, though, in the form of volcanic activity, fires, and dust-storms. This natural sort of pollution was generally able to be removed or assimilated by the functions of the biosphere. During these times, the earth was in a system that basically had minimal impact from humans. New chemicals and excess pollution since the industrial revolution, however, have taxed the threshold level of the biosphere. Acid deposition, global warming, and stratospheric ozone depletion represent unsustainable impacts on the environment. Many atmospheric scientists agree that air pollution from human sources has significantly altered the entire biosphere. Working globally in concerned international communities is seen to be key to solving the problem and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. But steps must be taken to reduce the threat of global climate change at the individual, local, state, and national, as well as the international, level. Steps could be as complicated as urban design and waste management research, or as simple as planting a tree. Many cities have voluntarily taken the initiative to improve the environment by implementing greenhouse gas reduction strategies. These strategies can help communities save money as they lower the risks to human health caused by glo bal warming. As too carbon dioxide enters the atmosphere from traditional energy sources, and as the media pays a lot of attention, more and more people have been exploring energy alternatives in the form of wind and solar energy, as well as exploring more environmentally friendly options in their choice of building materials. Global warming has been a concern of science for more than a century, perhaps

Reading response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 38

Reading response - Essay Example It is usually upon the branch managers and leadership to design time to ensure achievement of given targets. The strict targets compel managers to set employees on long working hours. Since the management does not provide money or measures for compensating the overtime workers, the extra service goes free. To Wal-Mart, unpaid overtime is just good for the company does its employees favor, â€Å"Working unpaid overtime equaled saving your job.† Besides subjecting workers to unpaid overtime, the business also discriminates and abuses women. Despite women being the majority employees, few hold management positions. The company also limits the freedom of workers since it counters attempts for unionization rapidly. The management is usually ready to do anything possible to prevent unionization, â€Å"Wal-Mart hired a consulting firm named Alpha Associates to develop a union avoidance program.† Olsson responds to counterarguments by presenting facts of surveys or history of Wal-Mart retail store. For instance, Olsson counters the company’s claims of training promoting women by referring to a 2001 survey conducted by Wal-Mart executive. The survey showed that female managers get lower pay than men in the same positions do. In terms of history, the management of Wal-Mart prefers delinking the different branches to crush relations. However, Olsson recommends that the workers can only succeed in their fight only if they mobilize all branches. The central theme of Mallaby for writing the article is to fault any views that seem to place Wal-Mart in bad pictures. According to Mallebye, Wal-Mart provides health cover to its workers, and plots to contain costs of health care in the future. Mallabye is so defensive to the company to an extent of proposing that Wal-Mart attack billboards, newspapers, and any press that is tarnishing its name. Mallabye claims that Wal-Mart is the best company considering its struggle towards

When it comes to building relationships Essay Example for Free

When it comes to building relationships Essay When it comes to building relationships, it could sometimes be more of a task than a way of life for many and as a result many individuals miss great opportunities by not being able to connect with the people around them. While it’s almost natural for some to connect with others within a short space of time, it takes others much longer time to establish such and same connections. So is it then a talent or gift? I won’t exactly disagree but whichever the case might be, becoming a people person can be learned and mastered when certain principles are practised over time. So, I am going to share some important points with you right now. Things you can do to connect and relate with people more than ever. If you become consistent with these practices, you will find out that you will become a sort of person others want to be around. Here are the points: 1. Remember People’s Name One of the first things you need to master is to be able to remember the names of people you have met before. I know this can be sometimes overlooked but very important. Imagine this, how would you feel if someone you’ve met few times on different occasions tries to introduce you to a friend of hers without remembering your name? Immediately, the message sent to the third person is the idea that either you both don’t have an established relationship or that she knows little or nothing about you for her not to have remembered your name. Again, it is somehow embarrassing when this happens. It also shows that you haven’t placed any value on such relationships. So to avoid such instances, start remembering people’s name. Here are some of the ways you can remember people’s name: Identify or match people’s name to things, events, places, TV programs or other people’s name you can not forget. For example, I met a lady and she introduced herself to me as Hannah; knowing fully well I am going to forget the name, I immediately link the name to Hannah Montana, which is a name from the TV show. Make sure you don’t leave the person without immediately linking their name to something or someone you can not forget. If you leave it till later, you might find out that you can’t remember the name anymore and it will be a shame if you have to ask her name the next time you see her. It means one thing – you’ve assumed her to be just one of the crowd (people around you with no significance). 2. Touch Lives This is another key element of being a people person. I have often spoken at various engagements and attended many others as a guest and as a result established new relationships every now and then but I tend to forget how and where I established those relationships. I eventually found out that many people really want to be part of you especially when you add value to their lives and as a result tend to never forget the first time they met with you i. e. the first seminar they heard you speak, the conference you both attended or even the holiday they first saw you. All these are the reasons you need to touch people individually and not treat them as members of a big crowd. Try if possible to create time to mingle with people wherever you go and leave a bit of you and I mean in a positive way. Leave an indelible landmark by which you can be remembered. Put smiles on people’s faces. Help when and if possible. A simple handshake makes a lot of difference to people and makes them want to be around you the next time. You are basically sowing seed which many will remember you for. All these things can be learned without even going to school. Just keep at these points and eventually becomes a second nature. 3. Be Compassionate You must at all time show that you care when dealing with people. I don’t mean putting on a face that you care when you really don’t but with all sincerity offer the best help you can knowing fully well within you that couldn’t have done any better than that. The people around you needs you and waiting for the best you’ve got to offer. Although it is almost certain that you cannot please everyone and by no means am I suggesting that. All you need to do is to show that you care in whatever measure you can. Be careful at this point not to be taken advantage of by anyone during the course of showing how much you care. Just play your own role by contributing the little you can. To be compassionate is not to act without discretion or wisdom. Always be compassionate with your senses intact! I have fallen victim of this many times thinking I must burn myself out for someone which have often times been abused. So, be warned. Always try to find the balance between being compassionate and being taken for granted. When people see you as someone who acts on compassionate grounds, you will by no doubt have attracted hundreds or thousands if not millions of people to yourself without actually asking. It has always worked; it’s still working and will forever continue to work. It’s the law of attraction which can never be changed. 4. Be a Good Listener I cannot over-emphasize this particular point. This is true for everyone regardless of who you are, your occupation, age, sex, and race. Many people are the exact opposite of this attribute – a good talker! I have seen many people occupy the seat of a counsellor but doing most of the talking. So, â€Å"what happens to the person being counselled? † is always my next question. For people to see you as someone they can relate with, you must show to them that you are ready to listen to their issues, opinions and challenges. How are you supposed to know how to be of help if you do not give room for talking at the first instance? I get many calls from a lot of friends and teenagers wanting to pour out their minds to me. This happens almost all the time; but guess what, I sometimes don’t even have answers to their issues but I patiently listen attentively to their challenges. I give them the listening ears. The same approach you must take to make people flock or better still be your follower. You need to understand that they have only come to you because they think or believe that you might or will be of help. So, if all you do is do all the talking for them, then you have shattered their hopes and that will probably be the last time you hear from them. Whether you have solution(s) to their problems or not, always try to listen carefully. This character must always be exhibited if you are a leader or want to be a good leader in any sphere of life. How can you achieve this quality, just listen! No other way. The only time you’ve got to contribute on the matter is when the individual has finished talking and you have actually confirmed with the person by asking before you make your contributions. The only exception to this rule is when you do not understand or feel the person’s story is not coherent or you need clarity on a specific issue or statement, then you can pause the individual quickly and politely ask for clarity before the story continues. Always work hard on this quality as it is a great virtue to possess. 5. Increase Your Knowledge Base What sets people apart from others is what they know. So, in same fashion, you are only going to be distinguished based on what you know and by what you are able to offer. Until your knowledge vessel becomes full, people won’t see so much need to be around you. What makes an individual a specialist is the level of knowledge he possess. You must be able to increase your level of knowledge about certain subjects within your field. What is going to make you indispensable and a highly sought after person is the level of knowledge you have acquired. Until you are seen as a solution carrier, you cannot lead people. One of the best ways to increase knowledge is through learning and this can be achieved by personally working on you. Subscribe to various magazines, blogs, and newsletters and buy books in your field of interest. Keep on reading, keep on accumulating knowledge. A lot of people have acquired a wealth of knowledge on the subjects you want to know. Read different books and keep asking questions. Answers are only given to those who want to know by asking questions. It doesn’t matter how foolish they might seem, you will be better informed at the end than not asking. Don’t let ignorance deny you of being the kind of person you intend to be. Also, attend seminars, lectures and conferences whenever the opportunity arises. Strive to be the best and aim to have first hand information about topics in your world of interest. 6. Always See the Best in People Until you start to see and address people as the most important person you’ve ever met, you might not be getting the opportunity to establishing a relationship with them. Try at all times to relate with others not based on their negative personality or character but always find out what makes them stand above the rest and relate with them from such perspective. What you get is that they immediately buy into your kind of person. For example, I know it will be so difficult for someone to relate with me by looking for my faults, telling me why someone else is better than me. That won’t be possible. The right approach to relate with people is to raise them up to the top, highlighting what makes them a great person to be with. It is from this perspective you put across your message; and you can even at this juncture show them their shortcomings and possible solutions without any conflict. All these can be achieved by appreciating people over the tiniest little things they do, be a source of encouragement or by even making them feel greater than who they really are. By this approach, they will begin to rise to new challenges by taking bold steps. They will in turn sacrifice their time and resources for you. It’s all about putting on your spectacles to see what others aren’t seeing in people. 7. Decide To Understand People If you don’t take it upon yourself as a responsibility to understand who people are and what makes them, you might find yourselves having the wrong impression of people. You should be able to find out why a person acts in a certain way or the reason behind their reaction over a particular issue. Until you start to dive into others’ shoes, you might not be able to explain the ramifications behind their decisions. It takes a lot to actually understand people. To achieve this, here are some of the qualities you need to possess love, patience and perseverance. Love people unconditionally, learn to live at peace with all men and always give room for their mistakes. There are tendencies that people will learn from their mistakes when they realize them, so patience is a key quality when it comes to understanding people. The moment you master these principles and begin to live by them, you are set to experience change in your relationships with people whether in your marriage, school, home, place of work, church and society etc.

Cave Exploration :: Personal Narrative Writing

Cave Exploration The worst day of my life began innocently enough with my small group of friends preparing to explore a cave. Each month the four of us, I, Jill, John, and Ted, would choose two or three caves and spend our weekends engrossed in exploring them. Today’s cave was a special one; it afforded just a small window of opportunity for exploration because it flooded completely with each high tide. As we checked our packs and made sure all our spelunking and survival gear was in order, a rather jovial, but sizable, fellow by the name of Scott Porker happened by and asked if he could join our group. We agreed, as we were always happy to be in the company of a kindred spirit, and since the tide had just gone out we began our descent into the cave. Our newly acquired fifth member was the last in and got wedged in the opening so tightly we thought we would never be able to pull him loose. Finally, our persistent tugging prevailed, and Scott came loose like a cork from a bottle. We quickly set about probing the cave and didn’t give that incident another thought, since we had just three precious hours in which to achieve our goal of exploration. After just two hours, our very large friend said he’d had enough for the day and was heading for the surface. We told him we’d be out in a few more minutes and to hang around so we could discuss what we’d found. As we began our ascent toward the entrance, we became acutely aware of the complete absence of light the entrance usually emanated. When our flashlights finally found the source of the unusual darkness we were horrified; the big guy was stuck in the cave’s opening again. This time Scott’s head and shoulders were outside, so instead of being able to pull him through, we would have to try to push him out of the opening. We pushed in every combination of ways possible, and needless to say it did not work this time. The paramount problem was that the cave floods from the interior out, so we would all drown if we couldn’t get Scott unstuck, and unstuck quickly. We began to panic, picking up rocks and using them as hammers in an attempt to loosen the rocks around the opening. Cave Exploration :: Personal Narrative Writing Cave Exploration The worst day of my life began innocently enough with my small group of friends preparing to explore a cave. Each month the four of us, I, Jill, John, and Ted, would choose two or three caves and spend our weekends engrossed in exploring them. Today’s cave was a special one; it afforded just a small window of opportunity for exploration because it flooded completely with each high tide. As we checked our packs and made sure all our spelunking and survival gear was in order, a rather jovial, but sizable, fellow by the name of Scott Porker happened by and asked if he could join our group. We agreed, as we were always happy to be in the company of a kindred spirit, and since the tide had just gone out we began our descent into the cave. Our newly acquired fifth member was the last in and got wedged in the opening so tightly we thought we would never be able to pull him loose. Finally, our persistent tugging prevailed, and Scott came loose like a cork from a bottle. We quickly set about probing the cave and didn’t give that incident another thought, since we had just three precious hours in which to achieve our goal of exploration. After just two hours, our very large friend said he’d had enough for the day and was heading for the surface. We told him we’d be out in a few more minutes and to hang around so we could discuss what we’d found. As we began our ascent toward the entrance, we became acutely aware of the complete absence of light the entrance usually emanated. When our flashlights finally found the source of the unusual darkness we were horrified; the big guy was stuck in the cave’s opening again. This time Scott’s head and shoulders were outside, so instead of being able to pull him through, we would have to try to push him out of the opening. We pushed in every combination of ways possible, and needless to say it did not work this time. The paramount problem was that the cave floods from the interior out, so we would all drown if we couldn’t get Scott unstuck, and unstuck quickly. We began to panic, picking up rocks and using them as hammers in an attempt to loosen the rocks around the opening.

What can you learn from Source A about the reasons given by the Suffragettes for demanding votes for women?

The WSPU (Women's Social and Political Union) had tried a lot since 1903, demanding the vote using violent methods. These ways disrupted the society, as this is what they wanted, so they could get enough attention to get the vote. This group was set up Emmeline Pankhurst, with the aim to intensify the campaign for women's votes. The poster designed by the WSPU in 1912, propagates the injustice women had to face in that time towards not being able to vote because of their gender. The point the women were trying to put across was that ‘despite the fact that we are women, we are more useful and intellectual then men and can serve the country in many ways that men are not capable of doing'. They declare that a woman can be a sophisticated Mayor in charge of the country, a mother responsible for bringing up the next generation, a factory hand serving the country, or even a nurse healing the wounded soldiers in a war, helping to win a battle. A teacher and a doctor should especially be getting the vote as a teacher is moral, understanding, caring and intellectual, as well as educating the generation to come. As for a doctor, she would also have similar personal qualities, such as being caring towards the patient, cultured, well educated and could also ass to the war effort by helping to cure the soldiers back into health, perhaps even being the cause for a great victory of the country. This poster proved regardless of how women could be, they still could not vote. Whereas it demonstrates how useless men could be to the country and were still able to vote. They could be a lunatic, a drunkard or even be unfit for service and not be able to serve the country in any way, and still be welcomed to vote due to their gender. The poster protests against the sexist system of the government and aspired for it to be more righteous. Women were right to use propaganda and argue their points against the sexist society, and the way women were portrayed in society by men. The year the poster was produced in, 1912, is very important as after their final aggressive acts in Piccadilly, Oxford St. and Regent St. and their attempt to blow up a Cinema was not successful, they decided to get through to people in a more subtle way, change their tactics and get through to the public through common sense.

Physical Security Essay

A six foot fence secures the outer perimeter. Video surveillance is active on the north fence and inactive on the south. A manned guard station permits entrance into the outer perimeter from the west; an unmanned and unlocked gate permits entrance from the east. No Trespassing signs are posted at intervals upon the perimeter fence; Employees Only is posted on the gate. Visitors must obtain a pass at the guard station. The outer perimeter contains the parking lot and office building. The perimeter has two light posts that, when functioning, illuminate the entire parking lot. Currently, the light post on the south side is not functioning. The office building exterior has three outer doors and one window. The first door is marked with an Employees Only sign and requires a badge for access. The second door is the main entrance for visitors and is manned by a guard, who requires a visitor’s pass for admittance. The third door is an emergency exit only and is clearly marked. Any attempt to gain access through the first door without a badge, the second door without a pass, or the third door at all, results in alarm activation and guard response. The window is locked from within; any attempt to gain access through the window also activates the alarm and alerts the guard. The interior of the office building is segmented into two major areas. The first area is the employee workstation; only employees can access this area. Visitor and employees can access the second area. Both the first and second areas are monitored by active video surveillance. The second area has two doors, both of which lead to smaller offices. The first door is unlocked, but is within sight of video surveillance and employees within the work station. A visitor trying to attempt access to this office results in alarm activation. The second door is obscured from both employees and video surveillance and is unlocked. Each office contains valuable assets. Employees can access either office at will. Within the workstation and smaller offices are several computers. Passwords are required for access to each computer. Each employee has a password and can access network information at any time.

The Structure of an Academic Paper - Proofeds Writing Tips

The Structure of an Academic Paper - Proofeds Writing Tips The Structure of an Academic Paper Most academic papers have a five-part structure. This can vary depending on what you are writing (a full-length dissertation or thesis will include dedicated literature review, methodology and results chapters, for example). Nevertheless, a shorter essay will always require the following parts: Title Introduction Main body Conclusion References or bibliography These parts can be characterized as follows: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Title The title of your paper should clearly indicate the subject matter and the argument you are going to put forward. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Introduction The introduction should outline the topic of the essay, the rationale for your research (i.e., why the topic is worth studying and your motivations for doing so) and the general structure of your argument. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Main Body This is the core of your paper. In the main body, set out each point of your argument in turn and discuss how they contribute to your overall point. Each point should be supported by evidence, such as examples, quotations or data. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Conclusion The conclusion should be a concise review of the main points explored and your final thoughts on the matter. No new material should be introduced at this stage, but nor should you simply summarize what you have written so far. Instead, focus on how each part of your argument contributes to your final position. Try to write something that leaves an impression on the reader. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚   References At the end of your document, make sure to include a list of the sources you used to write your paper. If youre not sure, remember to check with your institution about which referencing style to use. Commonly used referencing styles include Harvard, MLA, and APA. Proofed has helped hundreds of students with their essays; they could help you too! Give us a go today!

The Satsuma Rebellion

The Satsuma Rebellion The Meiji Restoration of 1868 signaled the beginning of the end for Japans samurai warriors.   After centuries of samurai rule, however, many members of the warrior class were understandably reluctant to give up their status and power.   They also believed that only the samurai had the courage and training to defend Japan from its enemies, internal and external.   Surely no conscript army of peasants could fight like the samurai!   In 1877, the samurai of the Satsuma Province rose up in the Satsuma Rebellion or Seinan Senso (Southwestern War), challenging the authority of the Restoration Government in Tokyo, and testing the new imperial army. Background to the Rebellion: Located on the southern tip of Kyushu Island, more than 800 miles south of Tokyo, the Satsuma domain had existed and governed itself for centuries with very little interference from the central government.   During the latter years of the Tokugawa shogunate, just prior to the Meiji Restoration, the Satsuma clan began to invest heavily in armaments, building a new shipyard at Kagoshima, two weapons factories, and three ammunition depots.   Officially, the Meiji Emperors government had authority over those facilities after 1871, but Satsuma officials actually retained control of them. On January 30, 1877, the central government launched a raid on the arms and ammunition storage areas in Kagoshima, without any prior warning to the Satsuma authorities.   Tokyo intended to confiscate the weapons and take them to an imperial arsenal in Osaka.   When an Imperial Navy landing party reached the arsenal at Somuta under cover of night, locals raised the alarm.   Soon, more than 1,000 Satsuma samurai appeared and drove off the intruding sailors.   The samurai then attacked imperial facilities around the province, seizing weapons and parading them through the streets of Kagoshima.   The influential Satsuma samurai, Saigo Takamori, was away at the time and had no knowledge of these events, but hurried home when he heard the news.   Initially he was furious about the junior samurais actions; however, he soon learned that 50 Tokyo police officers who were Satsuma natives had returned home with instructions to assassinate him in the case of an uprising.   With that, Saigo threw his support behind those organizing for a rebellion. On February 13-14, the Satsuma domains army of 12,900 organized itself into units.   Each man was armed with a small firearm - either a rifle, a carbine, or a pistol - as well as 100 rounds of ammunition and, of course, his katana.   Satsuma had no reserve of extra weapons, and insufficient ammunition for an extended war.   Its artillery consisted of 28 5-pounders, two 16-pounders, and 30 mortars. The Satsuma advance guard, 4,000 strong, set out on February 15, marching north.   They were followed two days later by the rear guard and artillery unit, who left in the midst of a freak snowstorm.   Satsuma daimyo Shimazu Hisamitsu did not acknowledge the departing army when the men stopped to bow at the gates of his castle.   Few of them would ever return. Satsuma Rebels: The imperial government in Tokyo expected Saigo either to come to the capital by sea or to dig in and defend Satsuma.   Saigo, however, had no regard for the conscripted farm boys who made up the imperial army, so he led his samurai army straight up the middle of Kyushu, planning to cross the straits and march on Tokyo.   He hoped to raise the samurai of other domains along the way. However, a government garrison at Kumamoto Castle stood in the Satsuma rebels path, manned by about 3,800 soldiers and 600 police under Major General Tani Tateki.   With a smaller force, and unsure about the loyalty of his Kyushu-native troops, Tani decided to stay inside the castle rather than venturing out to face Saigos army.   Early on February 22, the Satsuma attack began, with samurai scaling the walls again and again, only to be cut down by small arms fire.   These attacks on the ramparts continued for two days, until Saigo decided to settle in for a siege.   The Siege of Kumamoto Castle lasted until April 12, 1877.   Many former samurai from the area joined Saigos army, increasing his force to 20,000.   The Satsuma samurai fought on with fierce determination; meanwhile, the defenders ran out of artillery shells, and resorted to digging up unexploded Satsuma ordinance and refiring it.   However, the imperial government gradually sent more than 45,000 reinforcements to relieve Kumamoto, finally driving the Satsuma army away with heavy casualties.   This costly defeat put Saigo on the defensive for the remainder of the rebellion. Rebels in Retreat: Saigo and his army made a seven-day march south to Hitoyoshi, where they dug trenches and prepared for the imperial army to attack.   When the attack finally came, the Satsuma forces withdrew, leaving small pockets of samurai to hit the larger army in guerrilla-style strikes.   In July, the Emperors army encircled Saigos men, but the Satsuma army fought its way free with heavy casualties. Down to about 3,000 men, the Satsuma force made a stand on Mount Enodake.   Faced with 21,000 imperial army troops, the majority of the rebels ended up committing seppuku or surrendering.   The survivors were out of ammunition, so had to rely on their swords.   Just about 400 or 500 of the Satsuma samurai escaped the mountain slope on August 19, including Saigo Takamori.   They retreated once more to Mount Shiroyama, which stands above the city of Kagoshima, where the rebellion began seven months earlier. In the final battle, the Battle of Shiroyama, 30,000 imperial troops bore down upon Saigo and his few hundreds of surviving rebel samurai.   Despite the overwhelming odds, the Imperial Army did not attack immediately upon arrival on September 8, but instead spent more than two weeks carefully preparing for its final assault.   In the wee hours of the morning on September 24, the emperors troops launched a three hour long artillery barrage, followed by a massed infantry assault that began at 6 am.   Saigo Takamori likely was killed in the initial barrage, although tradition holds that he was just gravely injured and committed seppuku.   In either case, his retainer, Beppu Shinsuke, cut off his head to ensure that Saigos death was honorable.   The few surviving samurai launched a suicide charge into the teeth of the imperial armys Gatling guns, and were shot down.   By 7:00 that morning, all of the Satsuma samurai lay dead. Aftermath: The end of the Satsuma Rebellion also marked the end of the samurai era in Japan.   Already a popular figure, after his death, Saigo Takamori was lionized by the Japanese people.   He is popularly known as The Last Samurai, and proved so beloved that the Emperor Meiji felt compelled to issue him a posthumous pardon in 1889. The Satsuma Rebellion proved that a conscript army of commoners could out-fight even a very determined band of samurai - provided they had overwhelming numbers, at any rate.   It signaled the beginning of the Japanese Imperial Armys rise to domination in eastern Asia, which would end only with Japans eventual defeat in World War II almost seven decades later. Sources: Buck, James H. The Satsuma Rebellion of 1877 from Kagoshima through the Siege of Kumamoto Castle, Monumenta Nipponica, Vol. 28, No. 4 (Winter, 1973), pp. 427-446. Ravina, Mark. The Last Samurai: The Life and Battles of Saigo Takamori, New York: Wiley Sons, 2011. Yates, Charles L. Saigo Takamori in the Emergence of Meiji Japan, Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 28, No. 3 (July, 1994), pp. 449-474.

Data Centers Routing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Data Centers Routing - Research Paper Example It had been established that the traditional architectural networks failed to meet the basic requirements of information as well as communication technology in efficiently supporting business in the society with effectiveness. It is important to underscore the high costs that were associated with the ancient networking structural format (Abts & Kim, 2011). Maintenance of multiple networks made up of different architectures with each having its own unique characteristics, tools, and the set of technical skills always increases the costs of operation and decreases the adaptability to the highly dynamic business requirements. It is imperative to underscore the fact that data centers are mostly driven by a wide variety of computer services and this includes the search engines, online office together with social networking as well as information technology or even infrastructural outsourcing. The main motivation behind the increasing demand for data center network is for the firms to enjo y economy of scale arising from large amounts of data and connect many servers .The most important issue is how to connect a sizable number of servers with an efficient routing system. In this research, the concept of basic data routing will be explored to establish the possibilities of developing the most efficient and cost effective data center networks. There are various motivational factors as well as obstacles that surround the application of data center routing. The basic foundation of supporting many applications of the internet is pegged on data centers (Abts & Kim, 2011). This information technology concept is also instrumental in the operation of the enterprises and scientific operation. The principal challenge in this concept is how to develop a data intensive communication through a large scale data center routing that can link many servers in a system of computers. It has been found out that data center network’s server centric plays the role of being the host as well as

Innovation in Construction Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Innovation in Construction - Research Paper Example In enhancing the value brought in by this process, a lot of modifications have been made on it time after time. These improvements have consequently come along with some advantages together with shortcomings. It is therefore logical that, as these changing procedures are implemented in the industry; proper steps are taken in dealing with areas where gaps exist. Recycling in construction In construction, recycling basically denotes the taking apart and reprocessing of recoverable waste resources produced at the time of construction and modification. Bits and pieces of unused materials, packaging, old resources and remains collectively comprise of the latent recoverable materials. All these can be used, together with other new materials in the erection of new structures. Aside from the use of the recycled matters in constructing new structures, this process can also be applied in the aspect of renovation where structures like windows and doors, masonry resources and appliances are also recycled (CMRA, 2011). In many cases, wastes accrued from construction sites are directed into landfills which consequently are burdened with increased loading and functions. At the same time, some waste construction materials carry chemicals which if not well handled would only help in enhancing the perennially increasing levels of pollution. An example of this is the kinds of chemical substances which emanate from treated wood. Preventing these scenarios has made recycling the most logical precautions in handling wastes obtained from construction sites. In achieving these goals, personnel in the construction industry either recycle the materials directly into similar products for use again while other are converted into other functional products. Recycling of wastes in the construction industry follows a rather general procedure. The process begins with onsite separation where recyclable materials are separated from other wastes. This is basically the most important aspect of the process and though initially posed challenges, has today witnessed massive improvements thanks to the technological advancement that the world of construction has at its disposal (CMRA, 2011). Here, construction officers, highly conversant with material sorting strategy set up containers for recycling, containers which they clearly label as per the requirements. Ones the reusable wastes are obtained, they are either reprocessed for reuse in the same form they were initially of modified to be used in newer forms. Technology is rapidly advancing in construction recycling. This is despite the limited available technologies at the local levels. One of the technologies synonymous with recycling in the construction industry in modern times includes the â€Å"Recore technology† known for the construction of walls by use of recovered waste materials. This technology is known for the generation of eco friendly wall coverings which carry which also extend some other advantages to the industry and the consumers. The wall coverings produced by this technology are generally durable an added advantage to the fundamental levels of energy saved in the production of these walls. Aside from the recycled walls technology, there also exists the advanced concrete technology which focuses on the production of recycled concrete. The advanced concrete technology applies the heating and rubbing procedures in producing the end

Dream act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Dream act - Essay Example Here the Dream Act allows temporary residency only for minors who have good character. â€Å"Hence the dream Act gives an opportunity to build the career of helpless children; I support the bill with wholeheartedness† (Thesis). It is not abnormal to punish the immigrants who lands up illegally in America because many a times theses people turns out to be criminals and offenders of law. But the children migrated along with their parents are innocent and helpless. So bill like Dream Act saves their lives. Even though Dream act nurture the life of migrant youth, this can motivate more illegal immigrants to land in America. They would be motivated to come to USA and utilize the dream act to make up and establish the lives of their children. America is a rich country and it is the obligation of the country to give home to poor and less fortunate people of developing and poor countries. But this must be done on a restrictive amount. It is not necessary for the government to give shelter to all illegal immigrants but only to a certain percentage of migrants who has good human values. Illegal immigrant is poor and helpless, but this does not omit the fact of them having unethical character and criminal background. In such a circumstance, the government should ban the arrival of illegal immigrants and should deport the one who cross the borders by cheating the border security. It is mostly Mexican and Hispanic migrants who cross the border illegally spread violence, crime and substance abuse in United States Dream Act is indefinitely a good approach to help the children of illegal immigrants but government should also give education to the adults who cross American borders. Educating these people bring in some refinement in their personality and would make them potential for professional employment. If people are taught professional skill and techniques, they can make a living in their own county. After educating and giving them professional skill, they would be

Detailing Product Life Cycles Essay Example for Free

Detailing Product Life Cycles Essay We may conclude that ISO 14001 has significant and direct profit and wealth creation potentials. Companies need effective management accounting systems to monitor all costs and benefits that accrue from the ISO 14001 process. Companies also need to market the consumer and social benefits of ISO 14001 effectively to targeted market segments for which environmental management matters. ISO 14001 and Seasonal Business Union Carbide’s Indian pesticides business, which caused the toxic cloud in Bhopal, was a highly seasonal business, with uncertainties regarding pest outbreaks and cropping patterns. The accident occurred in December, some 100 days after the peak demand for pesticides in that sub-tropical climate, with monsoon-dependant crop acreages. The worldwide tourism business is another example of high seasonal fluctuations in demand. Cyclical downturns are notorious for taking place when full complements of expert staff are not available, as outside normal working hours. Any operation with wide differences between times of peak demand and off-peak times, will inevitably respond by having fewer people available for watch and ward duties, at some times. Environmental Management Systems can never afford to slacken their vigilance, as all dangers and risks are not necessarily related with peak loads. ISO 14001 offers a reliable structure within which systems can operate to adequate standards even during times of low demand. The documentation support of ISO 14001 can prove to be invaluable in containing the emergent implications of any incident. The tourism industry benefits from ISO 14001, not only because of the off-season protection, but simultaneously because of the demand for eco-tourism and out of sustainability concerns for this large service sector. ISO 14001 is especially useful for any enterprise with high seasonality of demand. It helps organizations establish infrastructure that can maintain emergency response and environmental management capabilities at optimal costs during the lean seasons. It also helps companies to plan for peak demand in terms of environmental loads. These advantages are over and above the other benefits of the system that apply to all registrants. ISO 14001 and Building Projects The project nature of civil construction, and its high involvement with third party contractors, places a special challenge for ISO 14001. The growing demand for ‘green buildings. ’ is a special opportunity for the system. ISO is very well suited for the construction industry, and can help it meet new demands for sustainability. Much of the most lasting harm to the environment from modern industry arises from the materials, processes and designs of buildings and related civil structures. Asbestos abatement has been the focus of many environmental management standards of the building industry during the recent past. Asbestos exposure has occurred 3-4 decades earlier. This is a powerful reminder of the need for LCA in civil construction. The entire ISO 14001 system has a host of similar benefits for all stakeholders in the building industry. Architecture and ISO 14001 share a common emphasis on the design phase of projects, to avoid problems arising out of implementation. Hence, professionals in the construction business are especially amenable to the spirit of ISO 14001. The system has much to contribute by way of reducing material wastage in construction, and in reducing energy loads of actual use of buildings. ISO 14001 is eminently suited to meet the certification standards of the Green Building Council, and the specifications for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) status. ISO 14001 has additional benefits with respect to protecting investors from a legal point of view in real estate transactions. The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA), accompanies a number of state and local regulations that have major environmental implications. Any business in the construction or real estate business can benefit from ISO 14001, as they will have a sound system to choose projects with which they can be involved. They can also plan for full legal compliance as new laws take effect. ISO 14001 has powerful marketing potential for real estate developers. Investors and people on the market for buying homes would be inevitably attracted to projects that have sound environmental management systems in place. Buildings, neighborhoods and cities that make minimal imprints on the environment, that have track records of continual improvement and that make invaluable savings in maintenance resources, will always appreciate and attract communities. ISO 14001 has the potential to become mandatory for new real estate projects, particularly for ones in places that are rich in natural resources. ISO 14001 and Equator Principles Banks that subscribed to the Equator Principles have often found themselves in difficult situations, having to assess the environmental impacts of projects that for which they consider financing. Conflicting views from various stakeholders can be difficult for lenders to reconcile, as many aspects of the matter require local expertise and technological appreciation. ISO 14001 offers a solution for such matters, since it calls for a transparent and systematic assessment of chosen aspects, with a structured audit and review process. The Equator Principles could extend towards fields of transnational endeavor other than funding, and ISO 14001 can be a reliable and universal bridge for assessment and continual evaluation. The next decades will see a spurt in funded development projects in large tracts of the world. There is enormous pressure for large projects designed to bring succor to rural and urban communities. Funding will be mostly across geographical boundaries as capital resources are centered with countries other than the ones with the physical features for development. Investors and sources of public funds everywhere will face questions about environmental management, as they peruse candidate projects from distant locations. ISO 14001 is a good solution in these circumstances, for it provides a neutral and universal format in which all developers and governments can plan to manage the environmental impacts of the new projects that they conceive. International bodies can respond to social activists who claim that most development projects cause environmental harm, by asking project owners to use the transparency and accountability of the ISO 14000 series. SME Experience with ISO 14001 The vast majority of enterprises in most countries belong to the small and medium categories. ISO 14001 cannot be the force that it should, unless the system proves to be valid, useful and feasible for such organizations. A superficial look at ISO 14001 could lead most observers to conclude that it is too involved and expensive for any but the largest of corporations to afford. However, the reality is that ISO 14001 lends itself to adoption by even small and medium enterprises. An on-line survey of small and medium enterprises (those with fewer than 100 employees) with ISO 14001, displays pleasantly surprising results (International Organization for Standardization, 2005). Pressures to comply with environmental regulations, demands from corporate customers that are higher up in the supply chain and lucrative opportunities in foreign markets, are the three most important stimulants for small and medium enterprises (SMEs) to seek the business advantages of ISO 14001. Many SMEs lose out because they do not seek ISO 14001 certifications, either out of ignorance, or because of wrong impressions they hold of the resources required. There is a clear need to make the system’s benefits more widely known and more accurately appreciated. Many SME owners incorrectly believe that pollution is an exclusive preserve of large corporations! The significant negative contributions of SMEs to environmental management are often ignored, especially if units are scattered and relatively isolated. Many SMEs stay away from ISO 14001 as they are not aware of government and institutional support available for them to secure certification within their means. Some consultants confound the issue by outlying more paperwork and bureaucracy than is necessary for the sizes of some potential clients. SMEs also have the choice to build their EMSs on alternative systems that compete with ISO 14001. It would appear overall that ISO 14001 has a great deal of unused potential with respect to EMSs for SMEs. This is a marketing challenge for country organizations of the ISO body. SMEs can be very wasteful of material and energy, albeit on a relatively small scale. They may not be immediately aware of wastes they generate, but this has a cumulative effect that has to be addressed at some stage. Pest Control Operators and Applicators are classic examples of small enterprises that deal with highly toxic chemicals. The latter can affect wide areas and large communities. All SMEs everywhere can use ISO 14001 to fight competition from better resourced corporations, by using effective EMSs. The move to terminate enterprises that have no controls on the pollution they cause and the hazards inherent in their operations, is current already. Growth is a natural evolution even for SMEs. ISO 14001, apart from protecting business interests as described above, also has the power to afford rapid growth for SMEs. The Internet enables local companies to achieve global reach. ISO 14001 can help them match their new found logistical strengths with EMSs that work. Any SME with growth ambitions has to use ISO 14001 as essential infrastructure for its future plans. Summary of Benefits of Environmental Management Systems Environmental management standards help companies to build their transactions across territorial boundaries. It is likely to become a sort of pre-requisite for global corporations. Emerging economies must develop expertise in environmental management to fight non-tariff barriers to markets in advanced economies. It is an integral part of the branding process. Environmental management systems help companies and organizations respond to important concerns of their main stakeholders. It is therefore a matter of priority for most entities in the conventional world. Companies from all sectors of the economy have become aware of the pressing need to conserve precious natural resources (Case Studies, 2002). ISO 14001 has enabled companies such as Apple stay abreast of changing regulation on environmental matters. The company was able to eliminate lead from batteries, and later to substitute Nickel-Cadmium batteries in line with European Union directives. These are concrete examples of how ISO 14001 helps companies stay in business by conforming in time to new and higher environmental protection standards. Apple’s switch to lithium ion batteries is an example of how ISO 14001 can squeeze additional ingenuity out of the industrial sector. Progressive companies such as Apple Computers buy products and services from companies that demonstrate effective commitment to environmental conservation (Case Studies, 2002). Supply chain considerations make ISO 14001 essential for the suppliers of major corporations. The proponents of ISO 14001 started by show-casing the benefits of the discipline in terms of the ethics of environmental concerns. The world has moved on since then, and ISO 14001 is no longer an option chosen by those with surplus cash. ISO 14001 has become a vital visa that provides contemporary corporations with the rights to continue business in the 21st century. The days of firms that do not meet ISO 14001 standards, are numbered. Savings in energy bills provide financial succor to firms that invest in reducing power consumption. This is a good example of the meeting point between the financial and non-financial advantages of environmental management systems. ISO 14001 is voluntary and flexible. It does not enforce any external standards. Companies can tailor their individual EMSs to the nature of their enterprise, and to the levels of expertise they have achieved in environmental management. It is a stable framework for the conduct of modern business that will appeal to professionals, and it is an effective way of extracting new efficiencies out of matured business processes. What Is It? The International Standards Organization, with its impressive name, has given ISO 14000 impressive credentials. The success of the ISO 9000 series in promoting quality consciousness has created high expectations in terms of the 14000 series enjoying similar success on the environmental front. However, many people are still not aware of the precise nature and scope of ISO 14000. The ISO 14000 series started in 1991: the first standards were published in 1996. It is therefore less well known and understood than the 9000 series which have been used for longer. The ISO 14000 series helps organizations meet environmental issues (Hanson, A. J. not dated). It is a documentation system that sets out objectives with priorities, divides responsibilities amongst a team, and provides for independent audit. It is important to bear in mind that ISO 14000 is not a single system, but rather a series of international standards (Environmental Management Guide 2004). ISO 14001 helps organizations to implement EMS, to ensure conformance to standards, to ensure compliance with relevant regulation and to seek independent certification (Environmental Management Guide 2004). Any organization that uses ISO 14001 disciplines will be better equipped to deal with the challenges of environmental management. ISO 14001 is one unit of the ISO 14000 series. ISO 14000 is a voluntary system-business houses and organization have rights to decide on whether or not they would like to invest in it. It has a pervasive influence, and calls for serious commitment of time and money. The decision to use ISO 14000 is therefore strategic by nature. Though community and key customer pressures can often be motivating factors, some organizations opt for ISO certification out of genuine concern for the environment. ISO 14000 recognizes environmental conservation as an integral part of organizational process, on par with more traditional functions such as Finance, Personnel and so on. The system must integrate with the total company organization and structure, if it is to yield meaningful and lasting benefits. Most companies start their ISO 14000 experiences with the help of experienced consultants, but that does not preclude deployment of significant human resources from an organization’s own pool. ISO 14000 has three major sections: life cycle analysis, environmental performance evaluation and labeling (Hanson, A. J. not dated). ISO 14001 in the series is concerned with environmental management systems. Organizations should plan to deploy the full ISO 14000 series over time, though they may start with ISO 14001 for reasons of resource constraints, to obtain the benefits of focus, and to give time to their employees to adjust to the new way of working. The ISO 14000 series is a guide that almost every organization can adapt to its specific needs. The system is very flexible in terms of fitting in to various sets of circumstances. Companies that work for profit have used ISO 14000 more widely than social organizations and government bodies. Firms from diverse segments of industry and even the services have all used ISO 14000 with equally remarkable success. However, the ISO system is not a packaged solution by itself. It is up to each registrant to use the system to its advantage. ISO promotes a new culture of professionalism. The documentation and procedures that the system enjoins on its followers, enforces a systematic approach to issues. It also promotes transparency, and ensures that organizations can respond in uniform manner, with low dependence on individual whims. It is especially useful to deal with emergent situations, and in ones in which a large number of variables require simultaneous consideration. Employees of an ISO 14000 certified organization display new confidence about their responsibilities and can do a more complete job of conserving the environment. ISO 14001 is a new template for modern business. It acknowledges the ubiquitous role of the environment in our lives, and provides paths to sustainable compromises that technology and conventional issues can negotiate with our natural surroundings. The ISO 14000 series can give a new lease of life to a business that is under attack because of the hazards and toxicity that it entails. It can help a small business rival a large corporation in terms of professional standards. It can help organizations perform uniformly across geographical and cultural boundaries. ISO 14000 is truly the way of the 21st century. There are concrete profits to be earned from the ISO 14000 series. The system is relentless in searching for ways to reduce consumption per unit of output, and ways to reuse or recycle waste and by products. Certification brings access to new markets and strengthens a company’s competitive position. There are therefore classic business reasons for using the ISO 14000 system. Environmental Labeling and ISO 14000 Some manufacturers have used the absence of regulations to prepare labels with unsubstantiated ecological claims on labels (Hanson, A. J. not dated). Consumers who would like to support manufacturers of environmentally sound products are hampered by the proliferation of labels that make vague and even incorrect claims about environmental impacts. Environmental labeling under the ISO 14000 series, corrects this anomaly. This is an important reason for business houses to support ISO 14000. The world is on a move towards the regulation of labeling standards, and companies that do not follow ISO 14000 may soon find themselves excluded from key markets. Three levels of labeling standards are available for manufacturers who would like to use the ISO 14000 system for their products. Most consumers are accustomed to Type 1 Environmental Labels. The latter provide criteria against which each covered product is measured. Canada and Germany have adopted these standards. Type II labels will use uniform terms and definitions: standards and details will be available in due course. Type III labels seek to provide information along a set of pre-determined criteria. Such labels are already in use for some nutritional products. Environmental labeling predisposes companies to resort to Life Cycle Analysis. The number of products with environmentally sound labels has grown exponentially since the 1990s (Hanson, A. J. not dated). There were less than 25 such products in the United States in 1989. The number grew to 600 by 1990. It is now a business that exceeds $10 billion. The stage is set for economies in all countries to move over to products and services that can make valid claims about environmental management on their labels. The ISO 14000 deals with environmental management on the basis of the following main principles (Hanson, A. J. not dated): â€Å"Labeling should be accurate, verifiable, relevant and should be non-deceptive. †¢ The party that makes the label should make relevant information about the attributes available to purchasers †¢ Labeling should be based on comprehensive scientific methods that are reproducible †¢ Information on the process and methodologies should be available to all interested parties †¢ Labeling should incorporate where appropriate the life cycle of the product or service †¢ Administrative requirements should not make participation difficult †¢ Labels should not create unfair trade restrictions †¢ Labeling should not inhibit innovation that may improve environmental performance. †¢ Labeling criteria should be developed by consensus† Environment labeling programs are democratic in nature. Producers can decide to comply of their own volition. Any manufacturer can decide to use the system, regardless of nature, size and location. It therefore gives an opportunity for new industrial entities to seek competitive advantage against entrenched brands. The greater interests of consumers always have over-riding priority. There are four methods available for verification of claims made on environmental labels. These are: â€Å"Declaration of conformity: the manufacturer self-declares conformance †¢ Review of supporting documentation: the practitioner requires the applicant to provide documentary evidence of conformity †¢ Evaluation of conformity with manufacturing phase requirements: where the production phase is evaluated †¢ Product testing: samples of the product are tested (Hanson, A. J. not dated). Companies have to establish monitoring systems to ensure on-going compliance once their label claims have been verified. Environmental labeling is an important development in terms of improving environmental accountability of modern business. It is an integral part of the ISO 14000 process. It is also in the best interests of companies as it costs less than invasive regulation. Since awareness about environmental matters is growing, environmental labeling can improve market share. Products with comprehensive information about environmental impacts on their labels will perform better in highly competitive situations. There is the analogy of air emissions as a buying benefit in the case of automobiles. Clothing made from organic fiber, food free of harmful residues, cosmetics that do not use animal testing, durables that consumers can return to manufacturers for recycling and instructions on how to use dangerous products without causing harm, are all live examples of some of the most successful branding that has been achieved through environmental labeling. This portion of the ISO 14000 package is instrumental in building unbreakable bonds between brand owners and customers, and in improving customer satisfaction. It is therefore a pivotal strategy for profitable and sustainable business growth. ISO 14001 for International Corporations Since environmental standards and concern vary by country, international corporations face dilemmas with respect to environmental management systems. Most of these companies are headquartered and controlled in the first world, though their products, services and operations cover far corners of the globe. Such companies used to follow territory-specific environmental management systems in the past. This has some technical validity, as natural resources, climate and social habits can place such different demands on business. However, social activists have begun to question the ethics of double standards. International companies have become accountable for following uniform policies and standards wherever they may operate. This can be quite confusing as regulatory requirements are not uniform throughout the world. ISO 14001 offers a path out of these contradictions. Group Managements can influence policy statements and control systems, leaving affiliates and subsidiaries to identify aspects, programs and specifications. Audits and reviews provide a uniform basis for transnational comparisons. Certification is a strong defense against unsubstantiated attacks by social activists. Overall, ISO 14001 offers value to organizations that need to harmonize international and local components of environmental management systems. The portability of human resources is a key consideration for international companies. Assignments and transfers to new locations are established means of career development. New perspectives of individuals from exotic markets, often inject new dynamism in to stagnating business sectors. Periodic changes in fitment for key positions ensure transparency and integrity of linkages between companies and its independent suppliers and contractors. There are therefore a host of reasons for international companies to move personnel between countries, markets and sectors. However, continuity of important business processes becomes a concern, as new people occupy crucial positions at various points of the organization. The accumulated learning of an individual, as well as the rationale for pivotal decisions, has to be available for a new incumbent. The environmental aspects of management situations can be too important and irreversible in nature for companies to depend on word-of-mouth spread between colleagues about the reasons for how operations are conducted. Casual or experimental changes in processes based on theoretical concepts, or based on notions from irrelevant past experience, can be devastating in environmental terms. The ISO 14001 system plays a most helpful role in such matters. Versions of the manual built up over time serve as invaluable references in managing the evolution of all business processes. Records of management reviews lend authenticity to how things are done in each function and location. Since ISO 14001 is an on-going process, it also allows adequate scope for new incumbents in local organizations to express themselves fully, and to expound their ideas for business improvement. The ISO 14000 series is therefore an enabling network for large and inter-changeable teams of professionals to work in a seamless way. Environmental concerns are important for modern branding and new product development processes. Though branding and new product development should be globally uniform for the best returns on investment, environmental aspects can vary across countries, and even within segments of domestic markets. There can therefore be an inherent conflict between marketing and environmental concerns. The ISO 14001 system offers a way to resolve such conflicts. The policy statement serves to establish universal ground rules within which innovation can be encouraged. The choice of environmental aspects that are chosen for address in individual countries can be adapted to meet local requirements. ISO 14001 helps to define the boundaries between local and global environmental management concerns related to brands and new product development. Group managements of international corporations have to make choices between territories and industrial sectors for resource allocation, especially in terms of financial deployment. Since most projects have long gestation periods, and may involve very substantial commitments, managers at one central location can always have difficulties in making choices between alternatives at more than one remote location. Local environmental concerns tend to be in flux and there are often crucial differences between the regulatory conditions related to environmental management systems of various countries. Group managements may have to take important decisions in the face of incomplete and uncertain background information. Countries with less transparent and elaborate environmental regulations may either fall by the wayside in investment choices, or at the other extreme, attract funds for new projects without due consideration for the risks involved. ISO 14001 makes it possible to compare opportunities and threats across nations in a fair and even way. Records of progressive audits provide a firm and equal basis to take decisions on the future of operations in various territories. This is apart from serving as a common platform for the evaluation of business performance. Social activism tends to concentrate on large international corporations. Environmental degradation due to poverty, ignorance and by SMEs is often overlooked by non-governmental organizations. Such attacks can occupy limited management time and lead to intractable and unproductive negotiations. An ISO 14001 certification is an effective safeguard in such circumstances. It provides a harmonious platform for divergent views to be addressed, and a participatory format for conflict resolution. Records of management reviews can form crucial evidence in defense of executive action and environmental responsibility. The advantages of the ISO 14000 system for large international corporations are so obvious and pervasive, that one can conclude that all such organizations do have EMSs in place, though they may not always seek certification. It is difficult to conceive of a body conducting business in a sustained way across the globe without any systems for environmental management. The external audit and public scrutiny of the ISO 14000 series is what most management teams would want to avoid. It is possible to conclude that most if not all large international corporations follow ISO 14000 systems in some form, though they may not find it expedient to join the organization in a formal sense. ISO 14001 in Mergers and Acquisitions. Differences in environmental management systems can confound and delay mergers and acquisitions. Potential buyers may be put off by uncertainties about product liability. Due diligence can be affected by paucity of documentation, and by contradictory verbal feedback from employees and other stakeholders. The entire ISO 14000 series is a way out of such problems. ISO processes serve to assure all parties about the integrity of environmental impact assessments, while successive editions of the manual and audit reports put achievements and progress in valid and measured perspectives. Companies that follow ISO 14001 will find it relatively easy to continue business normally very soon after a merger or an acquisition. There could be major disruptions or unpleasant surprises if an inter-corporate transaction involves an unregistered entity. ISO 14001 also protects minority and dissenting interests in mergers and acquisitions. Stock market regulators are well advised to insist on ISO registration as a pre-condition to equity restructuring. The case of batteries illustrates how tangential product components can have significant impact on the core strategies of a business. Computers use batteries inevitably, but the technology of their production lies outside the domain of electronics and software. However, ecological concerns about the use of heavy metals such as lead, nickel and cadmium in batteries, and the relatively high rate of product obsolescence in computers, has forced companies in this field to acquire expertise in technologies such as that of lithium ions, and to find sources for commercial supplies of ecologically sound batteries. Computer companies have also to divert major resources to recycling programs that are integral to their products, but the matter of batteries illustrates the inter-related complications that can be part of doing business in the 21st century. This aspect gives Life Cycle Analysis great value, as it is a systematic way to cover all known environmental impacts that arise as a result of any enterprise. Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) seeks to cover all sources of burdens on the environment that the production of a product may entail (Hanson, A.J. not dated). The system covers the consumption of all materials, use of energy in all forms, production processes, supply chains, logistics, waste disposal and recycling. LCA adopts an integrated approach to environmental management, and it works in four stages. Initiation, inventory analysis, impact analysis and interpretation are the four stages of LCA. Interpretation is also called improvement analysis. LCA is a vital part of the ISO 14000 system, and it has universal application for all fields of human endeavor. LCA has most utility when designing new products, but the technique can also be used to reduce the environmental burden of an existing product. Substitutes may compete on the basis of LCA facts, as is the case of disposable diapers versus washable ones. Such comparisons engage healthy debate and help to build indelible opinions about environmental conservation. LCA is integrative and holistic in its approach to environmental concerns. It is especially useful in uncovering hidden risks and costs that may associate in covert manner with some products and services. LCA proceeds in a step-wise manner, toting up the material and energy requirements of each component of a production process, and then presenting a total picture of the environmental impact of each product or service that is covered. LCA considers waste generations and impacts on air and water at each stage of procurement and production. It also considers distribution and actual use. The ISO 14001 process cannot be complete without full LCA. The Canadian Standards Association has stated LCA benefits in the follo.